clerks form of government - a unique phenomenon in the history of Russian statehood.This system has evolved over two centuries, and was of great importance in strengthening Russian statehood.What has caused the need to reform the system mandative why it has lost its value - see below.
Occurrence orders
Education mandative control system is at the end of the 15th century.Lack of coordination between local authorities could not provide a constant state control over large and remote areas.Those institutions that have already been formed at that time, did not have a clear-cut duties.Between scattered and infrequent relationship between the different territories fiefdoms for a short time there were "orders", otherwise called "courts" or "cottages."Their functions were confined to the execution of an order of the supreme power.Typically, the princes have committed this or that order - "order" - his boyars to implement and monitor.The expression "to be in order," in those days meant manage directly the request of the prince and monitor its implementation.
Responsibilities orders
That function early orders were very blurred, evidenced by such facts:
- the spontaneous emergence of various orders with a short duration of action;
- incoming documents addressed to certain people and not, in fact, the establishment;
- method of execution orders based on the so-called "legal ordinary", so there was no common legislative foundation needed for clear and unambiguous execution of orders, and hence - lowers the efficiency of government.
These are the main reasons for what was caused by the need to reform the system mandative.
first order
first institutions with more or less clearly defined responsibilities of government emerged in the mid-16th century.Writ management system in Russia in the end of the XV-XVII century.It can be classified by functional or territorial grounds of caste.
classification orders
The first category can be attributed orders, was in charge of the palace and financial affairs.This is primarily an order palace, which was responsible for the management of the prince, he ruled those lands and the people who were responsible for the livelihood of the Prince's Palace.Order of the Great Treasury responsible for collecting direct taxes and minted coins, Huntsman was in charge of the order reserves and hunting grounds of Prince and others.
second category is in charge of military administration and to ensure the prince's retinue.Created orders Streletskoye, armor, Pushkarskaya, alien and other.
third category of orders has specialized primarily in the judicial function.Local Order was engaged in property lawsuits, serfs, Rogue (later - the detective) was in charge of prisons and criminal police affairs and Zemsky order to police and judicial control over the population of Moscow.
fourth group - the local authorities.The number of provincial and territorial orders grew along with the number attached to the Russian territories.So, there are quaternary orders - Ryazan, Vladimir, Dmitrov, and later - Siberian, Little Russian, and others.
fifth category combines the special controls.For example, there was an order Stone, who was responsible for the construction of stone buildings, Yamskaya, responsible for postage.Over time, there were orders typographic, Apothecary, Ambassadors and others.
sixth group of orders was in charge of church affairs.These include monastic order, the Patriarchal court and others.
relationships between different orders were formed spontaneously, clear division of responsibilities has not been worked out.Some orders could not give directions to others.To adjust these relationships were formed association orders, which can be divided into several major orders awarded.For Ambassadorial order to 70s of the 17th century began to oversee the Little Russian and Novgorod.Termination of powers or that the order was not final - with time he could be reborn as an independent institution with a specific set of functions.
financing orders
clerks management system was funded largely haphazard.For the current business funding was taken from an area with which the taxes levied for specific cases could be shifted funds from other orders, or create special taxes.Regulation of cash flows was carried out such orders as the Order of the Grand treasury, order the collection of money and other interrogation.Another answer to the question of what caused the need for reform mandative system becomes extreme confusion and cash flow mismatch among the various orders.
Petrine reforms
Over time writ management system became operational in Russia "by itself", demanding more and more resources, and all with less impact.The reforms of Peter I replaced the outdated orders colleges that exhibit distinctive features clear demarcation of legislative, executive and judicial power.All that was caused by the need to reform the system mandative, should have gone back in time with the introduction of new forms of management, who came to Russia with the coming to power of the king-reformer.
