first half of the nineteenth century was a kind of era of growing Russian public movement.At this time the country was ruled by Nicholas I (1825-1855 years).During this period, finally concretized position most popular political camps.Formed monarchical theory, and there is the liberal movement.Circle figures revolutionary positions significantly expanded.
social movement in the reign of Nicholas 1 goodbye to the fashion philosophy of education as the basis of ideology.Come first Hegelianism and Schellingism.Of course, these German theories applied taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian state and mentality.The revolutionaries not only mastered the utopian socialism, who came from Europe, but also put forward the idea of their own communities.The indifference of the government to these new trends and the fight ruling circles to freedom of thought become a living manifestation of the catalyst release the dangerous and very powerful forces.
social movement in the reign of Nicholas 1, and social life
Like any area of political thought, freedom of thought in Russia was characterized by certain features that are unique to this time period.Social movement in the reign of Nicholas I, was developed under an authoritarian and extremely rigid regime that suppresses any attempt to express their opinions.The movement took place under significant influence of the Decembrists.The idea of the first noble revolutionaries and their bitter, tragic experience, on the one hand disappoint, but on the other - inspired to find new ways to improve the philosophical spirit.
begin to come to realize that it is necessary to attract the broad masses of the population, including farmers, because the main goal of all movements was the equality of all classes.Social movement in the reign of Nicholas 1 was launched mainly noblemen, but later joined by the commoners.In those years there was the formation of entirely new currents.It Slavophiles, Westerners and populists.Very popular was the theory of official nationality.All these concepts fit into the norms and principles of liberalism, conservatism, socialism and nationalism.
Since the opportunity to express their opinions freely absent, the social movement during the reign of Nicholas 1 has become the main form of circles.People secretly arranges the time and place of the meeting, and to skip to the company was required to call one or another password that is constantly changing.It is much more important than in the previous era, acquired the painting, arts and literary criticism.It was at this time there is a clear relationship of power and culture.
huge influence on public thought was a German philosopher, Hegel, Fichte and Schelling.They were the ancestors of many political trends in Russia.
features of social life in 30-50-ies of the nineteenth century
If we look at this period, it should be noted that after the events of December 14, 1825 the power of the intelligentsia was extremely weakened.After the massacre of the Decembrists social movement in Russia under Nicholas 1 virtually stopped.All color of the Russian intelligentsia was either destroyed or sent to Siberia.Only ten years later, it began to appear the first university circles, which were grouped the younger generation.That's when it became more popular Schellingism.
reasons of social movements
Like any social movement in a given direction had its good reasons.They were the reluctance of the authorities to recognize that times have changed and we can not stand still, and the strict censorship and the suppression of any resistance, even expressed peacefully.
main directions of movement
defeat of the Decembrists and the introduction of the regime of repression led only to a temporary lull.Social movement in the reign of Nicholas 1, even revived a few years later.Centers of philosophical thought began to St. Petersburg and Moscow salons, clubs officials and officers, as well as higher education institutions, the University of Moscow in the first place.They are becoming increasingly popular magazines such as "Moskvityanin" and "Herald of Europe".Social movement during the reign of Nicholas 1 had three distinct and separated branches.This conservatism, liberalism and radicalism.
Conservative
social movement during the reign of Nicholas 1 was associated with the development of several political and social currents.Conservatism in our country based on the theory of autocratic and the need for a hard rule.Also stresses the importance of serfdom.These ideas emerged in the 16-17 centuries and reached its peak in the early 19th century.Special sound conservatism acquired when Western absolutism was almost finished.Thus, Karamzin wrote that the monarchy should be inviolable.
it was very common for after a massacre with the Decembrists.
order to give ideological conservatism status Count Ushakov (Minister of Education) developed the theory of official nationality.It recognized the sovereignty of the only possible and correct form of government in Russia.Serfdom was considered a boon for the people and for the country as a whole.Because of all this business is a natural conclusion that no changes and transformations are not necessary.This theory sparked sharp criticism among the intelligentsia.Ardent oppositionists began P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin and others.
liberal
Between 30-40 years of the 19th century was born a new trend, which was the opposite of conservatism.Liberalism was conditionally divided into two camps: the Slavophiles and Westerners.Ideologists of the first direction and steel I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin and others.Among the leading Westerners can be called such distinguished jurists and philosophers as B. Botkin, Annenkov, K. Kavelin.
Both directions united by the desire to see Russia as a modern and civilized among European countries.The representatives of these movements is considered necessary the abolition of serfdom and the allocation of small plots of land to the peasants, the introduction of a constitutional monarchy, and freedom of speech.Fearing reprisals, and Westerners and Slavophiles had hoped that the government itself will these changes.
Features two currents of liberalism
course, there were these trends and differences.For Slavophiles attached excessive importance of the identity of the Russian people.They considered the ideal form of government pre-Petrine foundations.Then the Zemsky Sobor to denounce the sovereign will of the people, and between landowners and peasants were well established relationships.Slavophiles believed that Russian people are naturally the spirit of collectivism, while Western individualism reigns.They fought against indiscriminate idolatry to European trends.
Social Movement under Nicholas I was presented and Westerners who, on the contrary, we believe that we need to learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries.They criticized the Slavophiles, claiming that Russia lags behind Europe in many ways and should catch it by leaps and bounds.The only right way of education they considered universal education.
revolutionary movement
The small circles appeared in Moscow, where, in contrast to the northern capital, espionage, censorship and denunciations were not as well developed.Their members supported the ideas of the Decembrists and deeply experienced violence over them.They distributed pamphlets and freedom-loving cartoon.So, on the day of the coronation of Nicholas representatives mug Cretan brothers scattered across Red Square leaflets calling people to freedom.The activists of the organization were imprisoned for 10 years in prison, and after forced into military service.
Petrashevsky Circle
In the 40s of the 19th century was marked by a significant social movement animation.Again began to arise political circles.On behalf of one of their leaders, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, and it was named for.The circles were such prominent figures as F. Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, and so on. D. Petrashevsky Circle condemned absolutism and advocated the development of democracy.
circle was discovered in 1849, it was involved in the investigation of more than 120 people, of whom 21 were sentenced to death.
