What is one of the main charms of interaction between people?Of course, to communicate, share their thoughts, emotions and feelings with each other through language.Now imagine if all our conversations were limited exclusively to the transmission of any information, data naked without any figurative features and additional meanings, reflecting our attitude to say.Reminds to this communication machines that communicate different combinations of ones and zeros, but instead of numbers - the words do not carry any emotional coloring.Expressive speech is important, not only in everyday life but also in literature (and here it is "vital").Agree, it's hard to imagine a novel, a poem or a story, that do not use figurative definitions and other means of artistic expression.That is why in our speech, both oral and written, are important epithets.What it is?That is what helps to make the words and phrases used more colorful, more accurately convey their essential features and to express our attitude towards them.Next, we consider in more detail the concept, define the role and meaning of adjectives in speech and try to classify them according to the purpose and the specific application.
epithet concept and types of its designs
Let's start with the fact that we represent a complete and a deeper understanding of the word "adjective": this is what the structure is, how to use in certain situations.
Adjectives as epithets
from the Greek "epithet" translates as something "applied" or "addition" to the core.And there is.These special expressive words always come as a complement to the other, is an object (object or subject).Typically, this design is "the definition of + noun", where the epithet - definition, usually an adjective (but not necessarily).A simple example: a black melancholy, dark night, powerful shoulders, sugar lips, hot kiss merry colors, and so on. N.
In this case, the adjectives - adjectives that allow us to draw a more complete picture about a particular subject nota longing, a "black" oppressive, impenetrable;not just a kiss, and "hot", passionate, giving pleasure - such a description makes deeply feel that the author wants to convey, to experience some feelings and emotions.
use of other parts of speech as epithets
However, the role of epithets can play not only an adjective, often in the "role" act and adverbs, nouns and pronouns, and even involved and verbal participle phrases (ie, not a single word, andcombination thereof).Often it is these parts of speech allow more accurate and convey the image brighter and to create the right atmosphere than would have done it adjectives.
Consider the examples of the use of epithets as different parts of speech:
- Adverbs.In the proposal, they are the circumstances.Examples: "Grass fun blossomed" (Turgenev);"And bitterly complaining, and bitter tears pour" (Pushkin).
- Nouns.They give shaped characteristics of the object.Acts as an application or predicates.Examples: "Oh, Mother Volga cab yes reverse run!"(Tolstoy);"The spring honor, our idol!"(Pushkin).
- Pronouns.As they used epithets that express the superlative of a phenomenon.Example: "... fight ... fighting say any more!"(Lermontov).
- Communion.Example: "... I am fascinated, consciousness dangling thread ..." (Block).
- participial.Examples: "Liszt, ringing and dancing in the silence of the ages" (paints);"... ... hack writers who have nothing in the language, but words, not remembering kinship" (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
- gerund and verbal participle phrases.Examples: "... playing hide and seek, the sky comes down from the attic" (Pasternak);"... romp and play, rattling ..." (Tiutchev).
Thus the epithets in his speech can be not only adjectives, and other parts of speech, if they help convey and accurately express the properties of the object described.
Independent epithets
Rarely, but there are cases when the means of expression used in the text without the basic words, epithets act independently without defined definitions.Example: "It is strange and new looking in the pages of old books scribbled" (Block).There epithets "strange" and "new" play two roles at the same time - and definitions and defined.This method is typical for literature of symbolism.
classification methods epithets
So now we have a fairly clear idea of such an important term in literary theory as epithets.What is it and how to use, we have reviewed.However, for a better understanding of this phenomenon, it is important to be able to distinguish and classify the adjectives on certain criteria.Despite the fact that the main and most important goal of using these means of expression always comes down to one thing - to describe, to the definition of art object or phenomenon, all the epithets can be classified.They are divided into groups according to various parameters, which we discuss below.
Species epithets from the perspective of genetics
first group divides adjectives into categories depending on the genetic origin:
- common language (decorating);
- folk poetry (permanent);
- individual copyrights.
common language, they are called decorating are any characteristics that describe things and events and their properties.Examples: beautiful sea, a deathly silence, leaden clouds, ringing silence, and so on. D. Usually we use them in everyday speech, in order to better convey the atmosphere of the described events / subject and our feelings interlocutor.
People's poetic, or permanent, epithets - these words or complete expressions that over the years firmly established in people's minds for some specific words.Examples: a fine young man, red girl, bright moon, open field and others.
Individually author epithets - is the product of the creative mind of the author.That is, before these words and phrases are not used in a speech in that sense, and therefore were not epithets.They are very much in the literature, especially in poetry.Examples: "a person tysyacheglazogo trust ..." (Mayakovsky);"transparent flattery necklaces", "wisdom of the golden rosary" (Pushkin);"... the eternal motif in the middle of life" (Brodsky).
epithets based on metaphor and metonymy
epithets Divide into groups, and can be other grounds.Since shaped epithets are often associated with the use of words in a figurative sense, depending on the type of portable words (which is the epithet) can be distinguished:
- metaphorical;
- metonymic.
metaphorical epithets, as the name implies, basically have the metaphor.Examples: "light patterns", "winter silver" (Pushkin);"Sad, sad friendship," "a sad reflection of the mourning" (Herzen);"cornfields barren" (Lermontov).
epithets based on metonymic metonymic figurative sense of the word.Examples: "it is hot, scratchy whisper" (Gorky);"birch, gay language" (Yesenin).
addition, epithets based on a metaphorical or metonymic sense, can absorb the properties and other tropes: combined with hyperbole, personification and other literary devices.
Examples: "Loud winged arrows byas behind, heard / The procession angry god: he marched, like the night" (Homer);"Izrugivalsya, begging, cut / climb for someone to bite into the sides. / In the sky red as the Marseillaise / twitching, okolevaya sunset" (Mayakovsky).
This allows the use of epithets even brighter, stronger, more precisely express the perception of some phenomena / objects of the author and convey these feelings to readers or listeners.
epithets from the standpoint of the author's assessment
epithets can be divided into groups depending on the manner in which the author expressed in the work evaluation:
- figurative;
- expressive.
first used to express the features and focus on some significant differences, the properties of an object without expressing the author's evaluation of him.Examples: "... in the autumn gloom reigns how ghostly transparent garden" (Brodsky);"Your fences pattern iron / blue flame and punch" (Pushkin).
Expressive same epithets (as the name implies) give readers the opportunity to hear the author's attitude, he clearly expressed assessment of the described object or phenomenon.Examples: "senseless and dull light" (Block);"Heart - cold piece of iron" (Mayakovsky).
However, it should be noted that this division is rather conditional, as is often the visual epithets are also emotional color and are a consequence of the perception of the author or other subjects.
Evolution use epithets in literature
Arguing that such epithets in the literature, it is impossible not to touch on their evolution over time.They are constantly undergoing changes both in the historical and culturally.In addition, the epithets vary depending on geography (residence) of the people who created them.Our education, and especially the living conditions experienced by the events and phenomena, the experience - all affect the images created in the speech, as well as meaning that they contain.
Epithets and Russian folk art
epithets - what kind of images in the oral folk art?At an early stage of development of literature epithets usually describe any physical properties of objects, and isolated them essential, key features.The emotional component and expression to the relationship described object moves into the background or completely absent.In addition, the popular epithets exaggeration different properties of objects and phenomena.Examples: dense forest, my good fellow, untold wealth and so forth.
Epithets Silver Age and postmodernism
With the passage of time and the development of literary epithets became more complicated, modify their structure, their role has changed in the works.The novelty of poetic language, and therefore the use of epithets is especially evident in the literary works of the Silver Age.War, rapid technological change and related changes in the world have led to changes in the perception of the world of man.Writers and poets embarked on a search for new literary forms.Hence - the emergence of a large number of "friends" (ie copyright) words by disrupting habitual morpheme relations basics, new forms of words and new ways of combining them.
Examples: "Curls are sleeping on the shoulders of a snow white" (Ants);"Laughers ... that laugh laughter that smeyanstvuyut smeyalno oh usmeyalno set your laughing!"(Khlebnikov).
lot of interesting examples of the use of words and unusual images of objects can be found in the works of Mayakovsky.That only is the poem "The violin and a little pale," in which "... drum slipped on the burning Kuznetsky and left," "stupid vylyazgivala plate", "Helikon-mednorozhy" shouted something violin and so on. D.
notablein terms of the use of adjectives and a postmodern literature.This trend (which arose in the 40th and get the greatest dawn in the 80s) opposes realism (especially Socialist Realism), prevailed in Russia until the end of the 70s.Representatives of postmodernism rejects rules and standards developed by cultural traditions.In their work the boundaries between reality and fiction, reality and art are erased.Hence - the large number of new verbal forms and techniques, curious and very interesting use of epithets.
Examples: "bloomed diathesis / Diaper gold" (Kibray);"The branch of acacia ... smells like creosote, dust ... vestibule evening tiptoed back into the garden and listens to the movement of electric trains" (Sokolov).
postmodern works replete with examples of what epithets in the literature of our time.One has only to read authors such as Sokolov (example is above), line, Levin, Sorokin et al.
Tales and their characteristic epithets
occupy a special place in the tales of epithets.Folklore works from different times and different nations contain a lot of examples of the use of epithets.So, for example, to Russian folk tales characterized by frequent use of epithets distance, as well as the definitions that describe the natural environment.Examples: "pure field, dark forests, high mountains";"distant lands in the state of Far Far Away" ("Finist - Bright Falcon", Russian folk tale).
But for Iranian tales, for example, is typical oriental imagery, rich in a variety of epithets ornate speech.Examples: "... the pious and wise Sultan, with extraordinary diligence delved into affairs of state ..." ("History of Sultan Sanjar").
For the example used in folklore epithets can be traced to cultural characteristics inherent to a particular nation.
epithets epics and myths of different nations of the world
At the same time folklore around the world are characterized by common features of using epithets serving a specific purpose.This is easily seen in the Greek mythology, Celtic legends and Russian epics.All these works are united metaphorical and fantastic events with negative adjectives used to describe the shade terrifying places, events or phenomena.
Examples: "limitless dark chaos" (ancient Greek myths), "screams, hideous laughter" (Celtic traditions), "Idol rotten" (Russian epics).Such epithets are not just for the bright description of places and events, but also for the formation of a special perception of the relationship the reader to read.
The rich Russian language?Epithets and their role in colloquial speech and artistic
Let's start with a simple example.A short dialogue of two sentences: "Hello, son. I'm going home. How are you? What are you doing?"- "Hi, Mom. Okay. I ate the soup."This conversation is a dry exchange of information: my mother was going home, baby ate soup.This communication does not carry any emotion, creates mood and, one might say, does not give us any information about the feelings and the real situation interlocutors.
Another thing, if in the process of communication "intervene" epithets.What does it change?Example: "Hello, my sweet son. I'm going home tired and exhausted as a dog. And how are you? What are you doing?"- "Hi, mom's favorite. Today I was a hot day, in a good way! He ate the soup, it was great."This example is a very good answer to the question of why the adjectives in modern speech so important, even if it's a normal everyday conversation.Agree, of this conversation is much easier to understand what mood remains one of the interlocutors: mother is happy that her son is all well and happy that he liked the soup;son, in turn, understand that Mom is tired, and will warm dinner for her arrival, or do something else useful.And it's all thanks epithets!
epithet in Russian: the role and usage examples in the art of speech
From simple to complex move.The artistic speech epithets at least, and perhaps even more important.None of the literary work is not interesting and not be able to captivate the reader, if it will not be enough adjectives (with a few exceptions, of course).Apart from the fact that they allow you to make a brighter and more expressive image depicted events, objects, and perform other epithets role in literary texts:
- Emphasize some specific features and characteristics of the object described.Examples: "yellow beam", "wild cave", "smooth skull" (Lermontov).
- explains specify features that distinguish the object (such as color, size, etc.).Example: "Wood ... purple, gold, purple ..." (Bunin).
- used as the basis for the creation of an oxymoron by a combination of contrast within the meaning of the words.Examples: "brilliant shadow" "miserable luxury."
- allows authors to express their attitude to the described phenomenon, to give their assessment and transfer that perception to readers.Example: "And the word of prophetic we appreciate, and we honor the Russian word" (Sergeyev-Tsensky).
- helps create a live view of the subject.Example: "... the spring, the first ringing ... rumbles in the sky blue" (Tiutchev).
- creates a certain atmosphere to cause the desired emotional state.Example: "... a lonely and a stranger around, walking alone on a deserted high road" (Tolstoy).
