In ancient times, the light is perceived by people as something that is dependent on the will of higher beings ... Today it is no secret how this radiation can be controlled, what is its essence as a calculation of artificial lighting.
Lack of light rays results in a significant decrease of efficiency, deterioration of health and decrease mood.In this regard, an important point is correct, to meet hygiene requirements, the placement and connection of lighting fixtures.For profitable businesses will purchase energy-efficient equipment for the interior and for the territory.
Features
light in the wavelength range 380-780 nm in length electromagnetic radiation of the optical spectrum becomes visible.It can be characterized by the following values:
1. Luminous Flux (this part of the optical radiation is perceived by man as light).The unit of measurement is the lumen.The calculations referred to as F.
2. Intensity (the density of the luminous flux in the space behind the direction of the axis of the solid angle).Expressed as I, and is measured in candelas.
3. The solid angle (this is part of the space, which is located inside the conical surface).Measured steradians.Represented in the calculations of W.
4. Illumination shows the value of the surface density of luminous flux.The unit of it is a suite, as indicated by E.
5. Brightness is the surface density of luminous surface that lies in this direction.This flow is measured in candelas per square meter and is denoted L.
6. Indicator blindness (R) is a criterion glare lighting devices.
7. Criterion ripple-light (R), measured as a percentage, is used to assess the relative depth of light variations.
8. discomfort metric (M) is used as a criterion for evaluation of discomfort glare, which causes a feeling of hurt one's eyes with a nonuniform placement bright spots in the field of view.
measuring devices to determine the light conditions, various luxmeters.For example, the unit "U-116" allows you to calculate the parameter generated incandescent and natural light.Light meter used to control lighting in agriculture, transport, industry and other fields.
To measure other values, such as brightness, ripple, using analog-to-digital devices.An example of a heart rate monitor is a light meter, "Argus-07".Its operating principle - to convert the light flux that is generated extended objects, a continuous electrical signal proportional to the illuminance.Further, it is converted into a digital code that is shown on the electronic scoreboard.
kinds of lighting in the production
If the room is illuminated by only the lamps, floor lamps, lamps, ie artificial light, it is called artificial lighting.It is necessary to create a comfortable working environment, the normal operation of buildings and grounds.It can be divided into the following types:
- workers.
- protection.
- emergency.
- attendants.
first used for lighting offices, places of work outside the building.The second and fourth type of lighting is included in the non-business hours, and the third highlights the emergency exits, and various safety aspects.Artificial lighting may be common, in which the lamps are placed evenly in the upper region office, or combined.In the second case the total added local lighting that is created lamps located close to the workplace.
next type of industrial lighting is natural.Here, too, there are several types: side, top, combined.First - this is when the sunlight penetrates into the room through the skylights in external walls.At the second light to pass through the openings in the walls in places the height difference of the building or across the lights.The third type combines top and side light.This type of lighting is especially necessary in areas with a permanent presence of a large number of people.Combined
kind of lighting is a combination of natural and artificial.It is used in special cases when the work is done from the first to the third level, if necessary space-planning solutions for the construction or when the technical and economic feasibility is confirmed by calculations.
Standards types of lighting
When selecting parameter values need to be based on the rules SNIP "Natural and artificial lighting."This illumination of premises regulated its minimum permitted level, based on the characteristics and type of work performed by the visual (RR).There are three types WP:
- first includes activities in which it is not necessary to use optical instruments.Object discrimination in this case may be at different distances from the eye.
- second allows the use of optical devices during the work.The reason lies in the very small size of the object, which is not perceived by the eye.
- third involves work which is necessary to receive the information from the screens.This type apply the special requirements for the organization of lighting.
in coordination with SNiP "Natural and artificial illumination" are the following characteristics of visual works without the use of optics discharge subclass.The first is formed due to the size of the object of discrimination, and the second - on the combination of the lightness and contrast of the object with the background discrimination.For each characteristic normalized illumination, indicator lighting, ripple, and their methods of calculation of artificial lighting.
If the natural lighting in the room, or combined, for the discharge coefficient of the RR provides natural light.It is the ratio of natural light to the outside of the established value of horizontal illuminance, which is created by the light of the open sky.
When natural light is a side and one-sided, there is a minimum value KEO at a point which is located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the section of the room and conditional functional surfaces at a distance of 1 m from the wall furthest situated from the skylights.If the illumination head or combined, when calculating the average value of the coefficient is taken at points located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the cut areas and the working surface.
Calculation of artificial lighting
The first item on this issue will be the selection of the type of light source.It is also necessary to define the lighting system and compliance.The second item will be the placement of the office of the selected luminaire and lighting calculation at certain points.And finally, the last point is the definition of a single lamp power.The choice of the light source is conducted by the following rule: cost-discharge lamps are used in rooms where the temperature is above ten degrees, with high demands on the quality of color and a minimum degree of injury.If the office is no natural light and accurate work performed, the fluorescent lighting is used.If you want to use to calculate the LED lighting, it should be remembered that this type of lamps are not stroboscopic effect, that is, the light is constant.Therefore, it is important to the correct calculation of ripple to avoid high brightness.
In determining the lighting system must take into account cost-effectiveness of the combined light, as well as its hygiene (the uniformity and brightness of the light flux).When the equipment in the office located unevenly applied localized lighting.By the definition of the type of lamp should be approached with regard to the rules of the dispersal of the brightness in the field of workers, as well as depending on the condition of the air environment.
For a clearer light distribution created lighting scheme.It is of several types: simple (connection of a small number of fixtures connected to one switch), selector (connection of two independent groups of lights that are controlled by a single point), bidirectional (switching on and off is done with two points), the commutator (management by twoswitches in two directions, and one - in the same direction).
shop lighting calculation must take into account the following: definition of the type of light sources and luminaires, and their calculation and competent distribution in the space, determine their power and power supply circuit.In addition to these items, you must pay attention to the types of visual works, the environmental conditions at the way work equipment is located, the number of employees, emergency lighting.
method
specific power calculation of artificial lighting in this way allows for calculation of the indicative light industrial premises with a uniform distribution of luminaires.The power of one lamp is calculated as follows:
Pl = PyS / pl
Where Py denotes a specific lamp power, the value of which is in the handbooks.Power density depends on the type and location of lamps and luminaires, features an illuminated room, as well as the height of the suspension.The S-value indicates the floor area and the square - the number of lamps.Results are usually rounded to the higher value.
luminous flux method or utilization
In this way we calculate the production of lighting when the illumination of the working surface is set.The method is not applicable for localized external and local light, if the working surface is not horizontal, and the calculations directed concentrated light pattern.
calculations are carried out according to the formula:
F = En SZK / Nη
Where F - is the luminous flux;En - Standardized lighting;S - area of the floor;N - number of bulbs;Z - minimum power factor;K - factor of safety;η - utilization of light rays lamps.
In the light output is selected the lamp, which may differ from the calculated value in the range of -10 to +20 percent.If the difference is greater than the allowed limits is governed by the number of luminaires.
Spot method
The method used to determine the light rays in the lamp when the reflected light is not important.The method is used in any position of the illuminated surface and light fixtures.The method is based on the ratio depending on the illumination surface (E), which is created by a point source of light, the distance to the surface (r), the angle of incidence (a) and intensity (I):
E = I cos α / r2
Calculationlighting department, and particularly the lighting system includes several stages:
1. Finding the minimum normalized illumination.
2. Selection of the type of light source.Determining the type of fixtures and their placement on the shop floor.
3. Selection of control points with the lowest coverage on conditional terms of office.
4. The checkpoints settle in conventional lighting.The subsequent calculation of lighting production facilities based on the point with the least conventional lighting.
5. With reference tables define the factors and additional lighting stock.
6. Find the luminous flux.As a result of selected standard lamp.
7. Determine the power of the light bulb and the entire installation.
example lighting calculations give the following: in the task given height h = 4 m, the safety factor k = 1,5, coefficient of additional illumination u = 1,2, normalized illumination Emin = 75 lux.It is necessary to define the lighting work surfaces at the walls lamps DFC.
Since this type of luminaires deep light distribution, for them λ = 1.The distance between the light installation is 4 m, and from the extreme lighting fixtures to the walls - 1 m. Place on the terms of reference points A, B (with the lowest brightness) and calculate their distance from the nearest projection lamps (d).The next point is the definition of a conditional lighting and finding the point with the lowest brightness.According to calculate the value of the luminous flux, its difference with a standard value, and find coverage.
general lighting calculation when working with computers
When the activity is related to the employee's PC, specific rules must be followed when installing lighting.In this case, the eye is experiencing a double burden, as perceives the reflected light from the keyboard and documents, as well as direct from the monitor.
room should have lighting and daylighting, KEO by a factor of not less than 1.2%.It is necessary that the working surface with computers was oriented to the side of light apertures for the penetration of natural light.Calculation of artificial lighting facilities is relatively uniform system of the general incidence of the light.Direct blestkost limited sources of illumination (brightness windows, lamps and other luminous surfaces is not more than 200 cd / m2), and the reflection is controlled by proper selection of lamps and position of functional seats, depending on the basics of light (brightness of the glare on the screen of not more than 40 cd /m2).
When artificial light as light sources need to use fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps.If the premises are productive or social nature, it is possible to use metal halide lamps.Fixtures should be Grille and lenses.
Solutions
street lighting Street lighting has an important task of uniting the external areas into a coherent whole, plays the role of assistant to the safety and orientation in space, as well as making an aesthetic touch to the decoration of the city.Lighting equipment for this type of lighting should be chosen depending on the characteristics and status of the objects.They can be activated automatically or with the manager.There are several types of street lighting:
- Flood.The method - to install and targeting floodlighting.It is used for illumination in security to adjacent areas.
- total.This method includes a uniform distribution of lamps of one type.It is ideal for lighting paths, parks, areas where people and cars moved.
- Marking.With this type of street lighting fixtures are located along dedicated lines and shapes.It is used to create visual contours, emphasizing relief, release the direction of roads and footpaths.
