word "dualism" comes from the Latin "duality".This doctrine contains the notion that in the world there are two separate start.Their duality is expressed in the corporeal (tangible) and spiritual incarnations.This concept in the philosophy known since Zaratrusty (628-551 BC) who shared good and evil, into two different categories.
In ancient Greek philosophy of Plato's notion of the duality of body and soul (the so-called anthropological dualism), and assumes the existence of a cosmological dualism embodied in ideas and matter.Ancient philosophy was influenced by Iran, first developed by Zarathustra.She claimed the existence of a world in which good and bright deity fight with evil and gloomy for supremacy over the universe, and souls of men.
This dualism in the philosophy of antiquity with highly developed severe ethical side, transferred to the sphere of spirit and matter, which then (in Gnosticism), matter and the body, and therefore the world, associated with the beginnings of evil.On the other hand, the spirit (soul and its pure "I") are clean and bright start.In many religions and philosophical directions dualism of human being developed and is embodied in the doctrine of the soul and body, about God and the devil.
philosophy of Christianity destroys "ladder of love and beauty" of Plato, where the perfection of ideas in the world is opposed to the likes of the Absolute, the created imperfect.In Christianity, the dualism of man - is incommensurability and the dual principle, expressed in the opposition of sins and virtues that most clearly expressed in the writings of Spinoza.Dualism in the philosophy of the East is unacceptable, as it traditionally involve mutual understanding and interaction of body and soul, the presence of "yin" and "yang" in any phenomenon, both material and spiritual.
As the concept of dualism in the later period of philosophy was developed by Descartes, who called him a brilliant representative.Descartes was born in France in 1596 on 31 March.
Descartes' life and education from eight years took place in a Jesuit school, where he received basic knowledge, continuing his education in the Netherlands.There he fully gets in the way of studying of mathematics, philosophy, physics, physiology and astronomy.In the Netherlands, out of his labors, which have become famous.The greatest fame comes after the publication of "Discourse on Method".The work on the book and publishing it difficult to hit the Inquisition, thus changing the name Descartes and amend the text.
around the book once there are heated debates, there is little concern of Descartes, he more interested in the reaction of the Inquisition, as recently as at the intersection of 17th and 18th century burned J. Bruno, condemned Galileo and torn tongue philosopher Vanini, which then also was burned.Subsequently, the works of Descartes were declared heretical in France and sentenced to be burned.Descartes most of his life in Holland.At the age of 54, he died of pneumonia, caught a cold in Switzerland, which was forced to go at the request of the queen.
term "dualism" in philosophy came together with the writings of the German philosopher H. Wolff (1679-1749) and assumes the existence and interaction of the material and the spiritual principle in the world, and in man.The meaning of the opposition between good and evil T. Hyde used the term in 1700, using this concept in religious activities.A similar meaning to the notion of dualism gave P. Bayle and Leibniz.
followers and representatives of dualism developed in their research the concept of moving matter of Descartes, as well as the concept of the metaphysical nature of mathematics, dialectic and analytic geometry.The philosophical works of Spinoza, Kant, Rickert in modern philosophy - Rorty and many other philosophers, based on the conclusions and tenets of Cartesian philosophy of dualism.
