rapid development of the natural sciences in the second half of the 19th century showed that the pre-existing basic methodological foundations of scientific knowledge is not able to describe the general laws of nature, the phenomenon of life.
In addition, the accumulated problems of social nature, requiring scientific explanation and interpretation.Dominated in scientific knowledge previously metaphysical philosophy and principles of the Hegelian dialectic could not answer the question about the historical patterns of development.The peculiarity of the need for a new method was that the required explanation of the universe, based on the positions of the materialist conception of the unity of the world.
significant contribution to the development of dialectical methodology in the second half of the last century brought Marx that by developing its own view on the basic principles of the dialectic, said it opposed to the Hegelian philosophy - Marxist dialectics wore materialistic.This kind of dialectics became the nucleus of all the materialistic thinking and principles of dialectics in philosophy began to be interpreted in the materialistic positions.
Dialectics, in the most general sense, is both a method and theory of knowledge, and therefore includes as components of a general theory of the development of the content, as well as a system of principles, laws and categories, through which reveals the content of this theory.
basic principles of dialectics as follows:
principle of objectivity implies a materialistic ways to resolve the fundamental question of philosophy and implies recognition of the fact that every object of nature exists outside human consciousness and manifest in it yourself.The reflection of the world in the mind of man is in the process of human activity, that is, thinking "subject to" the subject when it is the reflection of consciousness.
principles of dialectics, and include such as the principle of comprehensiveness, the essence of which is to recognize the universal interconnection of phenomena in nature and society.Although all of the objects and are separated by a space and time, however, exist between them mediated bonds which affect their properties and state changes.The most complex of these relationships are present in society.But this principle should not be interpreted utilitarian, because human knowledge are always relative and they can not be turned into an absolute.Otherwise dialectic degenerates into a dogma, which studies and analyzes all the phenomena of the universe is their connection with reality and is understanding of their ability to develop.
dialectical principle of development involves consideration of the dialectic as a science.That is why many philosophers, considering the principles of dialectics, known as the principle of major.This principle is, in fact, integrates all the other principles and characterizes them as an integral influence.
features of this process are such properties of material objects and phenomena, such as orientation, deployment time, the generation of a new state law, irreversibility.That is, it recognizes the interplay of specific conditions for the movement of material and immaterial substances.This, in turn, gives rise to a variety of the world consists in the fact that the movement is not always linear, and can manifest as a zigzag, acceleration or deceleration, etc.The clearest and simplest example of such ambiguity may be the presence of two major trends in the development - progress and regress, each of which reflects a definite version of the movement in the material world.
