The labor system - a characteristic developmental system ...

labor-service system - a system of cultivation landowner in Russia in the second half of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century, supplies and labor of the peasants for land rent, loan money or bread for forest material damage done by cattle, and so on. D. Varieties of developmental system were sharecroppingand sharecropping.The meaning of "mining" in the explanatory dictionary - the work of the peasants in the lands of the landlords to pay for land rent after the abolition of serfdom.

sharecropping

sharecropping - a kind of land lease where the rent paid to the owner of shares of the harvest.Characterized mainly in the pre-capitalist and underdeveloped capitalist forms of exploitation of small producers.In the context of the emergence of capitalism was a form of transition from the feudal mode of land rent to the capitalist.Sharecropping still persists in some countries as a relic of feudalism (the United States, Italy, South West France, Spain).In many eastern countries occupies a leading position as a form of lease.

sharecropping sharecropping - a kind of sharecropping, where the fee for the lease of land intended owner, is half the crop.This method of farming was extremely common, especially in the black soil regions of southern Russia.

Developmental Characteristics of

Types of developmental systems are extremely diverse.There were so-called podesyatinnye earnings izdelny hiring, processing laps (one winter and one tithe the tithe summer) - in this case peasants hired for money to handle your inventory owned land.Sometimes peasants took bread or money in the debt, obliging him to work with interest payments.This form reflects the characteristic feature: the labor-service system - the semi-feudal form of farming, which bears usury, bondage hiring.

Sometimes peasants worked "for the damage done by cattle" (taking the responsibility to fulfill the penalty prescribed by law for ease), worked a "of honor" - for the food, almost nothing, so as not to lose another opportunity of earning from the landlords.Finally, it was widespread in the form of mining sharecropping.

What is the labor-service system in history?

In two post-reform decades, the landlord economy there was a transition to capitalist forms of land ownership in return for feudal.In place of the old labor-service system has come - this is the essence of which was that the surrounding farmers began to cultivate the landlord's land with their own implements, and took it out.

difference with serfdom was here that the farmer is now entering into a contractual relationship with the landowner, and it was already a free man.Begins to act market laws of supply and demand.However, the labor-service system had its drawbacks.As the landlord was in fact a monopoly, it is often dictate any terms to the peasants, which gave a new system of bondage.The labor system - a consequence of scarcity of land farmers Following the reform in 1861, as well as the pressure of the landlords' latifundia.

Remuneration at working

data taken from various sources indicate that the bonded and developmental hiring wages are always lower when compared with the capitalist "free" hiring.Natural rent strongest in the poorest peasant groups, and is forced to hire a peasant who can not resist its transformation into farm workers.

same Wealthy farmers seek to take land for the money.The employer seeks to make money for the rent, thereby reducing cost price of land.The average fee for the processing of the peasants with their own implements a tithe of the grain was 6 rubles.(data 1883-1891 gg. in the black earth belt).Free labor was estimated as 6 rubles.19 kopecks.only for work on foot, without taking into account the work horse (charged separately at least 4 rubles. 50 kopecks.).

Prevalence of Developmental

land owners brought great benefit renting "cutting" peasant holdings.Therefore, in the central black-earth belt, which stretches formed a significant part of the land, labor-service system is most prevalent.In addition, farms in these areas was mainly agricultural, in view of the limited fishing opportunities.

In industrial provinces of Black Earth and southern Russia in the first two decades after the reform, there was a transition to a capitalist economic system, used hired labor and improved farming.An example of this type of business is farming AN Engelhardt described in "Letters from the village".

Below is a table relating to the 80s of the 19th century (data Anienskogo NF), which reflects the ratio of developmental and capitalist forms of management.

From the table it can be concluded thatalready in the 80s of the 19th century in Russia as a whole capitalist system of farming is much more common than developmental.Working out of the first type (when the peasants carried out their work implements) were replaced by the second type of castings (poor farmer could use tools landlord).Evolution of farming lies precisely in the transition first to the working off of the second kind, then to use the capitalist employment.In the crisis years in case "rollback", and then she again began to dominate.Historians note its vitality, because labor-service system - is the one that continued to exist until the beginning of the 20th century.

Disadvantages developmental system

This method of farming could exist if the landlord was more profitable to hire an enslaved peasant than a civilian employee.It delayed the technical progress, for using obsolete methods of cultivation occurred preservation low level of farming.The result was low productivity, t. To. The yield on the farms of landlords applying developmental system was lower even than the peasant allotments.

Castings led to the ruin and impoverishment of peasants, especially the middle class, which was the most involved in this system of management.It is no wonder that this method of cultivation with time lost its meaning, giving way to more modern, capitalist forms.