means of expression in the literature differently is called the term "trails".Pathways is a rhetorical figure, expression or a word that is used in a figurative sense, in order to enhance artistic expression, figurative language.Different types of these figures in the literary works are widely used, they are used in everyday speech and oratorical skills.The main types include tropes such as hyperbole epithet, metonymy, simile, metaphor, synecdoche, irony, litotes, paraphrase, personification, allegory.Today we talk about the following three types: a comparison, hyperbole and metaphor.Every above mentioned means of expression in the literature will be discussed in detail by us.
Metaphor: identification
word "metaphor" means "figurative meaning", "transfer".It is an expression or a word that is used in an indirect sense, at the heart of the trail is comparing the object (unnamed) to another according to the similarity of a feature.That is a metaphor - a figure of speech which consists in the use of expressions and words in a figurative sense, based on the comparison, the similarities, the analogy.
this trail are the following 4 elements: context or category;objects within a given category;the process by which the object performs a specific function;the application process to specific situations or crossing them.
Metaphor in lexicology - a semantic link between the values of a polysemantic word, which is based on the presence of similarity (functional, external, structural).Often this becomes a trope as an aesthetic end in itself, thus displacing the original, the original meaning of a concept.
Types of metaphors
To distinguish in the modern theory describing the metaphor, the following two types: diaphora (ie contrast, a sharp metaphor), and epiphora (erased usual).
Deployed the metaphor is carried out consistently for a whole message as a whole or a large fragment.An example can be offered as follows: "Not a book famine: increasingly stale foods are the book market - they have to immediately throw away, do not try."
There is the so-called realized metaphor that involves manipulation of expression without regard to its figurative nature.In other words, as if it has a direct meaning of the metaphor.The result of such a realization is often comical.Example: "He is beside himself and went into the tram."
Metaphors in artistic speech
in the formation of various artistic metaphors play an important role, as we have already mentioned, describing the trails, the associative links between the various objects.Metaphors as a means of expression in literature intensify our perception violate "widely understood" automatism and narration.
in artistic speech and language are the following two models, which formed the trails.The basis of the first of them is the personification or animation.The second is based on the reification.Metaphors (words and phrases) created the first model, called personifying.Examples: "frost bound lake", "snow is", "year has flown", "brook runs," "feelings fade away", "time stood still", "devoured boredom). There are also embodied metaphors (" deep sadness "," ironwill "," root of all evil "," flames "," finger of fate ").
Language and individual varieties of this pathway as a means of expression in the literature are always present in the art of speech. They give the imagery of the text. In the study of variousworks, especially poetry, should be analyzed carefully to what is artistic metaphor. and different kinds are widely used, if the authors seek to express the subjective, personal attitude to life, to transform the creative world around us. For example, romantic works precisely metaphor expressed attitude Writersto the person and the world. In the philosophical and psychological lyrics, including realistic, this trail is indispensable as a means of identification of different experiences, as well as the expression of philosophical ideas of various poets.
Examples metaphors created by classical poets have
ASPushkin, for example, there are the following metaphor: "sneaks moon", "sad glades", "noisy dream," youth "slyly suggests."
In Lermontov: "hears" the god of the desert, says the star with the star, "dictates of conscience," "angry minds" pen drives.
In FITiutchev: Winter "angry," spring "knocking" in the box "sleepy" Twilight.
metaphors and symbolic images
In turn, the metaphor can be the basis for a variety of images and symbols.In the work of Lermontov, for example, they constitute such symbolic images as "palm" and "Pine" ("In the northern wilderness ...") "sail" (the poem of the same name).Their meaning - in the metaphorical likening pine sail lonely person who seeks his own path in life, suffering or rebellious, bearing the burden of his loneliness.Metaphors are also the basis of poetic characters created in Blok's poetry and many other Symbolists.
Comparison: Compare
definition - a trope, which is based on the assimilation of some phenomenon or object to another on the basis of certain common feature.The goal pursued by this means of expression, - to identify in this important subject, the new subject for statements various properties.
stands out in comparison: Compares the object (called an object reference), the subject (comparison means), which takes place this comparison, as well as a common symptom (comparative, in other words - "base of comparison").One of the distinguishing features of this trail is the reference and that and the other to compare objects, a common symptom is thus not necessarily indicated.One should distinguish comparison from metaphor.
This trail is characteristic of oral folklore.
kinds of comparisons
Different kinds of comparisons are available.This is constructed in the form of comparative turnover, which is formed by the unions "exactly", "if", "if", "how".Example: "He is stupid, like a sheep, but cunning, like the devil."There are also asyndetic comparisons, which are proposals with a compound nominal predicate.A famous example: "My house - my fortress."Educated by a noun in the instrumental case ingested - is, for example, "he walks strut".There are denying: "The attempt - not torture."
comparing literature
Comparison as a method widely used in the art of speech.With it identifies parallels matching similarities between people, their lives, and natural phenomena.Compare, so how would fixes various associations that arise in writer.
Often the trails is a associative array, which is needed for the image appeared.For example, in the poem "To the Sea" written by Alexander Pushkin, the sea is the author of a number of associations with "geniuses" (Byron and Napoleon), and the man at all.They are enshrined in various comparisons.Matches sound of the sea, with whom the poet says goodbye with a "plaintive" murmur, friend, "the call" in his farewell hour.The poet Byron in person sees the same qualities that are present in "free verse": the depth, power, indomitable, darkness.It seems that Byron and the sea - two beings with the same nature: the freedom-loving, proud, irrepressible, natural, strong-willed.Compare
in folk poetry
In folk poetry widely used sustainable comparisons that are based on comparisons with the tradition used in certain situations.They are not individually but taken from the reserve folk singer or storyteller.It shaped a model that is easily played back in the situation.Of course, so that based on folklore in his works such as sustainable use of comparison.MYLermontov, for example, in his "Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov" writes that the king from the height of heaven looked "like a hawk" on Sizokrylov "the Young pigeon."
Hyperbole: Definition
word "hyperbole" in Russian - a term meaning in the translation of "exaggeration", "excess", "excessive", "transition".This stylistic figure, representing a deliberate and obvious exaggeration in order to enhance the expressiveness and to emphasize a particular point.For example: "We have enough food for six months," "I've said it a thousand times."
hyperbole is often combined with various other stylistic devices, which it attaches to the proper color.It is a metaphor ("mountains rose wave") and hyperbolic comparisons.Shows the situation or the character may also be hyperbolic.Properties of the trails as public speaking, rhetorical style, used here as the reception pathetic and romantic, which is in contact with ironic pathos.
examples that use hyperbole in Russian - is popular expressions and idioms ("lightning", "fast, like lightning," "Sea of Tears", and others.).The enumeration is long.
Hyperbole literature
Hyperbole in verse and prose is one of the most ancient artistic methods of expression.Artistic features of this trail many and varied.Literary hyperbole needed mainly to point out some exceptional qualities or characteristics of people, events, natural phenomena, of things.For example, the exceptional character Novice, romantic hero, underlined by this pathway: a weak young man is in a fight with a leopard equal rival as strong as this wild beast.
Properties
hyperbole hyperbole, personification, epithet and other trails tend to attract the attention of readers.Features hyperbole is that they force us to take a fresh look at the depicted, that is to feel its importance and special role.Pushing the boundaries of credibility established, giving people, animals, objects, natural phenomena "wonderful" possessing supernatural characteristics, the trails used by different authors, emphasizes the traditional artistic world created by writers.Clarifies hyperbole and attitude to the creator of the work depicted - idealization, "elevation" or, conversely, ridicule, denial.
special role played by the trails in the works of the satirical orientation.The satires, fables, epigrams 19-20 century poets, as well as the satirical "Chronicle" Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Story of a City") and his fairy tales, in a satirical novel "Heart of a Dog" Bulgakov.In Mayakovsky's comedy "Room" and "The Bedbug" artistic hyperbole reveals the absurdity of the characters and events, highlighting the absurdity of their vices and, speaking as a caricature, or caricatured image.
