Wildlife planet is extremely diverse and unique.It is difficult to come up with something more beautiful, perfect and amazing.Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria - all of them in different ways to adapt to the existence, have their own distinctive features.Every body tends to occupy its ecological niche, become part of the overall circle of life.Therefore, and arranged so as you can, using all available means to do so.
ecological groups of organisms on the types of coexistence
Of course, living in the same area and often with a similar power supply, all living beings have to come together to interact.Total can be distinguished 9 types of coexistence of organisms:
- Neutralism - species do not depend on each other and are not related to any interaction.
- Competition - interspecific and intraspecific.A healthy source of natural reduction in the number of species in certain types of seizure of the plants and animals.
- Mutualism, or symbiosis - a type of relationship in which the kinds of mutually beneficial co-operate with each other.In this case, the benefit is obvious for both sides.Example: mycorrhiza and roots of trees, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants and so forth.
- Interspecies mutual.Kind of relationship in which representatives of different kinds united against one enemy, eliminate each other from the parasite and so. D.
- Commensalism and Foretz - the life of a larger master is a source of shelter and food for other smaller species.Harm receives neither one nor the other, the use of one-sided.
- Amensalizm - the life of the body disrupts the normal existence of the other.Example: the tree and the grass beneath him, not getting enough light.
- parasitism, when one species - the owner, the other - the visitor, causing great harm to the health and life of the organism.The class of parasites is quite extensive.Evolutionary such organisms have gone the way of recourse.Among them are representatives of all the kingdoms of nature.
- Predation - eating more powerful kinds weaker.The main value - the regulation of the number of species and the purification of the sick and weak representatives.
- Allelopathy - chemical inhibition among other plant species.
One of the most serious, affecting human health and forms of interaction between organisms is parasitism.Let us consider it in more detail.
Parasite - who is this?
If the term literally translated, it means "near the food," "next to the food."This is largely explained what kind of creature.Parasites - organisms that exist due to the host of life, settled inside or outside and consume waste products.Cause enormous damage, often fatal.
parasite - is the one who lives for others in all senses and respects.There are representatives who settle in humans, animals, plants.Cause a lot of diseases, leading to poisoning and intoxication, slowly killing the host from the inside.In appearance and internal structure are very diverse parasites.Photos of many of them can be seen in the article.Sami representatives may apply to the following organisms:
- parasitic plants.
- insect pests.
- simple.
- Animals.
- Mushrooms.
- bacteria.
It is obvious that such forms of life is among the representatives of each kingdom.Let us examine some of them, consider the lifestyle features of the structure and the damage caused by the owners.
unicellular parasites
The smallest representatives of the ecological groups of organisms.Often completely indistinguishable to the naked eye.They have features in the structure:
- body shape may be constant, but may vary due to the lack of shell and turgor;
- reproduce both sexually and asexually (depending on environmental conditions);
- contain special substances that do not allow them to be digested in the host organism;
- may be a long time in a state of missed first trimester processes of life, a kind of sleep (cysts);
- breathe the entire surface of the body;
- move using cilia or flagella, prolegs.
Types of parasitic protozoa
celled parasite - this being dangerous, transmitted from person to animal and back again, causing a number of serious and dangerous disease in its host.Typical examples are:
- Leishmania;
- trypanosomes;
- Plasmodium falciparum;
- dysentery amoeba;
- Toxoplasma;
- babesia;
- gregarines and others.
Parasites whose names are listed above, they produce the same name of the disease in humans and animals, the consequences of which even after treatment remain dire.The wounds on the skin with a very unpleasant look, the affected areas of external and internal organs, deterioration of the general physiological state, insomnia, infertility and many others.
Leishmania
One of the most dangerous single-celled creatures to humans and many animals are Leishmania.This parasite - a microscopic size of the body having at one end of the body of the flagellum, and on the other - blefaroplast.The central part contains the core.These creatures settle in the spleen, liver and bone marrow.They feed on the contents of cells, inhibiting their ability to live.The ability to rapidly multiply, then begin to damage the host.Are carried by insects such as flies.
disease that causes the protozoan parasite called leishmaniasis.It may occur in two forms:
- dry;
- weeping.
Manifested in the festering wounds on the skin, quickly spreading across the surface of the body.Treatment long, heavy, sometimes timing reach the year.Main place of distribution and infection of the parasite - India, Italy, China and Iran.
trypanosomes
protozoan parasite that causes severe disease.The most common - sleeping sickness.Trypanosomes exist in different forms.Places penetration and destruction in the body:
- lymph and blood;
- brain and spinal cord;
- serous fluid.
disease vectors - the tsetse fly, bugs.Distributed mainly in Africa.Symptoms of sleeping sickness:
- swellings on the skin, inside which the parasites multiply and grow;
- dizziness;
- nausea;
- loss of coordination;
- neurological diseases;
- mental retardation;
- high fatigue;
- weakening of the immune system and so forth.
to flow in a more acute form, ends in death.Treatment of severe, for months and even years.It is best to carry out prevention and build immunity to the parasite specially developed methods.
Parasites among insects
There are also quite a lot, cause sometimes they are very dangerous and serious disease.The most common insect pests:
- lice - external parasites of the body of mammals (including humans), can cause diseases such as typhus;
- flea - absorb the blood of warm-blooded creatures, causing the plague;
- different flies - feed on garbage, and decaying organic residues cause human and animal diseases such as plague, dysentery, typhoid, anthrax, tuberculosis, parasitic worms infect;
- bed bugs - bite through the skin to feed on blood and cause infectious diseases, allergic;
- malarial mosquitoes - intermediate hosts that carry Plasmodium, which causes malaria development;
- horseflies and gadflies - drink the blood of animals by infecting them with various infectious diseases.
These parasites - examples of organisms, from which you can easily isolate yourself and your family, if you observe cleanliness, personal hygiene and keep in order pets.
Pliers
most dangerous among insects is a tick encephalitis.In fact, so-called for the disease, the development of which it provokes.In fact, this insect is called "taiga" and "dog tick."Small animal itself, up to 4 mm in length.However, its bite is extremely dangerous.Together with saliva into a person's blood gets encephalitis virus.Further development of the disease will depend on the immunity of the victim.If he is strong enough, the disease will not develop.If not, the consequences can be quite severe.The most common effects of encephalitis disease:
- fever;
- intoxication;
- brain damage;
- meningitis;
- neurological diseases;
- mental disorders;
- death.
Obviously, an extremely dangerous and unpleasant for such human parasites.Photo mite can be seen below.
parasitic plants
All plants by the method of supply autotrophs.So one might think.However, it appears that some of them fed heterotrophically, being either parasites or predators.The most common forms of living at the expense of the owner and causing irreparable harm are:
- broomrape;
- dodder;
- rackwheel;
- mistletoe;
- rattle large;
- representatives rafflesiaceae.
Settling on cultural plant species, parasites, exemplified above, they cause severe disease, often resulting in death and significantly reduces harvests and crops.Therefore, the fight against such organisms is being very active person.
Other forms settle in crop plants, and on any other - trees, shrubs, grasses and so on.And just as they cause a variety of diseases, take away nutrients and water, deprived of life.
Mistletoe
Typical parasites on trees - mistletoe.The most common type - mistletoe painted.It looks quite lush and beautiful, but the owner of that sucks the sap, very pale and dry.Mistletoe weaves its roots in the shade of a tree and thus has access to all mineral compounds and water.
Externally evergreen mistletoe looks magnificently flowering bush, which is located on the branches of the crown or the host.Which trees most commonly affected with this parasite?
- fruit crops.
- Birch.
- Poplars.
- Maples.
- Pines.
- Willow.
- locust.
in common is also the name of "bird glue" and "oak berries."
animal pests
Among animals parasitic life are mostly worms: round, flat, and others.Affects the lungs, heart, digestive organs, blood and lymphatic system, liver.The worm adapts to life within the body so that no harm could inflict host.The parasite has:
- a special membrane which protects from the digestion of gastric juice;
- hooks, slinging and other structures for holding and movement;
- simplified system bodies;
- ability to proliferate and putting thousands of eggs at a time.
most common worms that infest a person, as follows: tapeworm, dwarf tapeworm and bovine, Ascaris, Trichinella, dirofilyariya, Loiasis, schistosomes, whipworm, and others.
often suffer from parasitic worms, it is the children, since the games in the street cleanliness is neglected.It is also the most popular sources of contamination - meat, fish and other protein products, which have insufficient heat treatment.
