Stones of old people endowed with magical properties.It was believed that a truly rich person who has the most precious and natural stones.Over time, this will not leave.Today, having a large number of gorgeous colored stones shining - a rich man.
However, people have been used and natural, natural stones.In the capable hands of every miracle of rock becomes a truly majestic views.But what is this subject from a scientific point of view?Stone - a substance or body?What it is and what species is represented, as used by man, and what is the name?Try to understand.
Stone - a substance or body?
To answer this question, we should all be defined, and what is the body and substance?Teachers in the fifth grade children on the lessons of natural history answer this question.
Bodies called all objects animate and inanimate nature.While the matter - this is the material that makes up the body.These concepts are closely linked.If you build a logical chain, it will look something like this: body - matter - molecules - atoms - smaller structures as part of the kernel.
By nature stones - are products of rocks, chunks and pieces from them.Therefore, the answer to the question: "The stone - a substance or a body?"- Should pay attention to this fact.Also note that the chemical nature of the rocks are different, the substance of which they form specific and are not the same.The conclusion is that the stones - this substance, and the body from the viewpoints of different sciences.
Classification stones
This question generally remained open for a long time, as different scholars interpreted it in their own way.As a result, the classification of the stones was given only much later, in the XX century.In each country, it is normal.For Russia is considered to be an acceptable system proposed VY Kievlenko (1973).
- jewelry, or jewelry.Examples: ruby, sapphire, emerald, diamond, beryl, alexandrite, opal, zircon, moonstone, aquamarine, topaz, tourmaline, beryl, amethyst, turquoise, chrysoprase, almandine, rozolit, spinel, citrine, demantoid, spodunit, pyrope.All of these stones are divided into I, II, III and IV of the order.
- semiprecious stones, or gemstones.Examples: rock crystal, agate, chalcedony, amber, hematite, Cajon, rauchtopaz, amazonite, labradorite, feldspar, quartz, rhodonite, common opal, beloporit, heliotrope, rose quartz.All the elements are divided into I and II of the order.
- Precious.Examples: marble, fluorite, Celine, quartzite, granite, jasper, agalmatolit, gahnite, onyx, dzhesplyait, deciduous, jet, obsidian, onyx.
In a broader sense, all kinds of stones can be summarized in three groups:
- natural;
- artificial;
- synthetic.
This classification is a chemical, as artificial and synthetic samples were prepared by laboratory methods.
Classes stones, which have been listed above, within themselves also have certain divisions.For example, they have their own special nature and classification of the name.
stones from a chemical point of view
As already noted, by its very nature the elements in question - it rocks.Therefore, from a chemical perspective stone - a substance.The composition is usually determined by a combination of various metal oxides and salts thereof.
For example, the chemical composition of all known emeralds and rubies almost united - aluminum oxide AL2O3.Color also vary because of different impurities and other elements of the light absorption ability.
There are several groups of chemical compounds of the underlying structure of all natural, including precious stones:
- native elements (diamond - C);
- halides;
- sulfides;
- oxides;
- phosphates;
- borates;
- sulfates;
- feldspars;
- scapolite;
- sadolity;
- carbonates;
- silicates;
- grenades.
In each group, their kinds of stones, in the hundreds of varieties.They can vary not only in composition, but also by color, shape, size, transparency, density.
physical properties
From the point of view of science of physics, the stone - that body.This means that the properties and it is characterized, as for other similar objects: mass, melting point and boiling point, density, color, taste, smell and so on.
However, we all know that much of the stone has no taste, odor, is not able to melt, but only a fraction.Color is their so varied that drive into the general framework of this figure is simply impossible.Palette radiance of precious and semi-precious stones complete: from black and white to bright blue, red, green, yellow and purple hues.
In general, there are several main groups of physical properties of stones, both natural and man-made (including precious).
- strength and wear resistance.According to this indicator, you can select strong (granite), medium (marble) and low strength (tuffs) samples.
- density.Corresponding to the previous figure.They are divided into heavy - more than 2200 kg / m3 and a lightweight - less than this figure.
- water absorption capacity, which is determined by the porosity of the structure.
- acid-fast.The most persistent - granite and limestone.Suffice it easily collapses marble as acid enters into a chemical reaction.
Thus, we can conclude that the stone - a substance or body of natural character, has a number of physical and chemical characteristics and has great practical importance in people's lives.
Natural stones
Of course, there are too many to be able to cover all description.But the most common ones that most frequently used person, try to see.
Outwardly very nice and noble appearance has any natural stone.Photos of Stonehenge is well confirmed.Even despite the fact that these samples do not have a bright color and radiance, they hit its grandeur and splendor.
Species
There are several popular examples of natural stones, which are used by people in the landscape design and construction business due to its durability, beauty, and environmental friendliness.
- Marble, which may be a different color and pattern (laminated or spotted).Since ancient times used as a stone architecture.In chemical terms is calcium carbonate CaCO3.
- Granite.Is the material for the flooring, walls, cladding of buildings, creating incredible works of art (monuments, monuments, etc.).From a chemical point of view is a combination of feldspar, quartz and mafic minerals.
- Sandstone.It is used by people for paving sidewalks, building stairs, laying of foundations.Used since ancient times.The chemical composition of quartz and feldspar.
- Travertine.The extremely dense and sturdy stone, marble superior hardness.Also it has a good frost.It used in construction on a par with granite and marble.It consists of calcium carbonate minerals.
- Tuff.Beautiful porous stone, quite loose.Used for this design gardens, cladding buildings.The chemical nature - calcium carbonate, silicon compounds, volcanic ash and caked lava.
- Jasper - beautiful colored stone used for decorative finishes and jewelry.It is a mixture of silicon compounds and oxides of iron.
There are such common rocks as shale, basalt, dolomite, limestone and others which are widely used in the construction business and are generally used by man.Natural Stone, whose photos can be seen in the article, one of today's most popular materials for interior decoration.
Artificial stones: classification
Such structures can be divided into four main groups:
- acrylic;
- polyester;
- quartz agglomerates;
- cast marble.
main feature of each of them - is that they are created artificially by man, and therefore does not occur in free form in nature.Their properties are not inferior and sometimes superior, takovyk natural samples.
The main areas of use - manufacture of countertops, sinks, laying out walls, floors, window sills, and other surfaces.
Stones in the water - the types and properties of
Sea stones - an important element of decoration for aquariums, bathrooms, interior decoration in an appropriate style.They are very beautiful, diverse in form, size and color, always attract attention.
What kinds of such structures exist?
- Coquina.Natural stone formed during centuries of lime and shell fragments of aquatic inhabitants of the oceans and seas.It has a nice milky suitable for use in the construction specifications.Widely used in decoration design.
- Pearl.It refers to natural stones of the sea that is the product of life shelly mollusks.It is used in jewelry, it is very much appreciated for the strength, beauty and durability.
- Corals.You can also call them sea stones, because they eventually turned into a very solid structure, formed by calcareous minerals, quartz and waste products of ocean dwellers - polyps.Very diverse in color, are the most spectacular elements in decorating aquariums.Used in jewelry.
That is, sea stones - are products of animal origin, formed under the influence of salt water and living organisms.
Gems
most spectacular, fascinating and beautiful stones - it is certainly precious.Behind them fought, admired, they were presented as a sign of respect and love, they symbolized power and strength.It was with precious stones associated with numerous legends, magic power of their impact on the body is not explained until now.
varieties and names
What are the stones of this type?Names have a lot of, as, indeed, and themselves.The most expensive and well-known are:
- diamonds - processed and polished diamonds;
- blue sapphires;
- blue topaz;
- green emeralds;
- aquamarine aqua;
- violet and purple amethyst and many others.
Stones - beautiful and unique products that make people's lives more interesting, more reliable and more beautiful.
