main river of the Far Eastern District - Amur.According to its hydrological parameters it stands in 4th place among the 10 largest Russian rivers.Ahead of him only Ob, Yenisei and Lena, which flows from southern Siberia to the Sea of the Arctic Ocean.In contrast, the Cupid chose a different pool - the Pacific, and flows from west to east.Watercourse begins in the mountainous plains of the Trans-Baikal merger Shilka and Argun.After 2824 km, the Amur river water pouring into the Pacific Ocean near the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, stretching along the coast of the Tatar Strait.The catchment area of the river basin of 1855 sq.km.The fall of the Amur River and the slope depends on the terrain: it is in the upper mountain, in the lower - flat.
hydrological terms
property of water to flow down an inclined surface is reflected in terms such as the fall of the river and the longitudinal slope.To determine these parameters need to know the elevations of the water surface (trimming) at designated points and the distance between them measured watercourse.Watermarks are determined during the lowest standing water - in low water.
Fall River - exceeding the level at the downstream of the point located upstream.It is measured in units of length linear - meters or centimeters.
slope of the river - the calculated numerical value determined by the quotient of the fall of the river to its length between the points defined.It is expressed in ‰ - per mil (thousandth of a number), or% (hundredths).
slope of the river is expressed by the formula I = h1 - h2 / L, where:
I - longitudinal slope bed% or ‰;
h1 - the benchmark of the river at the top of the segment defined, m;
h2 - the same as the lowest point, m;
L - length of the river between points defined in meters or kilometers.
Full River Falls - the difference in elevation at the source and the mouth.It does not matter what will be the mark - relative or absolute.
Averaged slope of the river - the result of dividing the total fall in its total length.
On value slope of the river, you can determine what type it is.For mountain rivers are characterized by steep slopes, measured from tens of centimeters to a few tens of meters. For minor lowland slopes are measured in centimeters.The slope describes the rate of flow of river water.
Amur River
Falling from the beginning to the mouth is 304 m. This number - the difference between the elevations in the mouth (0 m - sea level) in the source of the river.
Cupid Home - Shilka with the Argun merger.Mark the surface at this point with the coordinates 53 degrees 21.5 minutes is equal to 304 m. Therefore, the total drop in the Amur River would be: 304 - 0 = 304 m.
Knowing the length of the river and the fall, we find the averaged longitudinal slope of the watercourse, it is equal to:
I = 304/2824 = 0,107 ‰ or rounded 0,11 ‰.
This means that depending on which direction to move (by the terrain or map) for each kilometer length of river surface level of the water therein izmenyaeetsya 11 cm. If the movement downstream, the drop in the Amur eachkilometer reduced by 11 cm., but this value is approximate as if the watercourse flows over the surface at the same angle of inclination.
In fact, such conditions for the rivers of the world does not exist anywhere.The channels they run in different geomorphological conditions.They affect the variability of the fall, and even the slope over a river.
into 3 parts (suspended), depending on the terrain and the nature of the flow is divided Amur River.Fall and slopes on the Upper, Middle and Lower Amur different.
Upper Amur
Istok it starts from the confluence of the Argun and Shilka.Place determined point of the eastern coast of the island Mad marked edge 304 m. In the end it accepted the mouth of the Zeya River - left tributaries to 1936 km from the mouth of the Amur.Consequently, the length of the lower Amur 888 km.Elevation leveled with a value of 125 m. The fall and the slope of the Amur River in this area was 179 m and 0,2 ‰, respectively.The nature of the flow close to a mountain stream - the flow velocity is an average of 1.5 m / s.The width of the channel in low water from 420 m to 1 km.
Middle Amur
limited plot points: the upstream - mouth r.Zei (Blagoveshchensk) marked the height of 125 m, the lower - the mouth of the Ussuri River (at s.Kazakevichevo) - height of edge 41 m. The length of the -970 km.Fall River Amur here is 84 m and the deviation (84/970) 0,086 ‰.This means lower elevations edge 8.6 cm to 1 km of the river.The flow velocity of 5.5 km / h or 1, 47 m / s.The width of the channel from 530 to 1170 m.
Lower Amur
determine the distance between the points on the river - 966 km (from the mouth of the Amur River to the confluence of the Ussuri River inflow).Elevations: the top point - 41 m, the lower - the level of the sea, 0 m. Hence, the fall of the Amur River in this area - 41 m. Slope - 0,042 ‰.The flow rate in the low flow of 0.9 m / s, the flood of up to 1.2 m / s.The width of the channel - 2 km (in some places) to 11 km, and at the mouth - up to 16 km.
hydrological regime of the river Amur
characterized by high abundance of water: average long-term annual flow of 403 cubic km, the average annual flow at the mouth of 12,800 cubic meters / second.
main power supply (up to 80% of the flow) - summer and autumn rain showers.The remaining 20% accounted for by snowmelt and groundwater, roughly equal in percentage terms.
fed by meltwater river from April to May, so floods and stretched a small amount of flow does not cause high levels of lift.Flood period is usually from year to year is in July-August.At this time, sometimes accounting for 75% of annual runoff.
relatively low levels of markers (low-flow) should be noted that the floods exceed them to 10-15 m in the upper and middle reaches and the lower reaches - up to 6-8 meters. Heavy rains cause flooding of the Middle and Lower Amur to25 km and high levels of retained on the flooded area before 70 days.
Multi-day monsoon rains in August 2013 caused catastrophic flooding in the basin of the Amur River, flooding human settlements and farmland.
summer low-water period after the disappearance of the "root" of water (snowmelt in the mountains) - at the end of June.Autumn - in late September-early October.Freeze-up occurs in late October - early November.Opening of ice - after the first week of April until May.
