literary language - is one on which there is written a certain people, and sometimes more.That is the language occurs schooling, writing, social interaction, to create an official-business documents, scientific works, fiction, journalism, and all other manifestations of art, which are expressed in words, often written, but sometimes orally.Therefore different oral-written and spoken-book forms of literary language.Their interaction, relationship and are subject to the occurrence of certain laws of history.
different definition
literary language - a phenomenon which in its own way understood by different scientists.Some believe that it is a nationwide, only the processed master of words, that is, writers.Proponents of this approach have in mind first of all the notion of literary language, referring to the new time, and thus the nations with richly represented in fiction.For others, the literary language - a book, a work that confronts living speech, ie the spoken language.The mainstay of the treatment are the languages in which the script is long.Still others believe that it is the language, universally significant to a particular people, in contrast to the jargon and dialects that do not have such a universal significance.Literary language - it is always the result of joint creative activity of people.This is a brief description of the concept.
relationship with different dialects
Particular attention should be paid to the interaction and correlation of dialects and literary language.The historical foundations of various dialects stable, the literary language is more difficult to unite all members of linguistically nation.Until now, the dialects obscheliteraturnogo successfully compete with the language in a variety of countries, such as Indonesia, Italy.
concept is also working with linguistic styles that exist within the boundaries of any language.They represent a variety of it, which have developed historically and in which there is a set of attributes.Some of them may be repeated in other different styles, but the kind of function and some combination of signs distinguishes one style from the others.Today, a large number of media uses colloquial and conversational form.
differences in the development of literary language in different nations
In the Middle Ages and in modern times by different peoples history of the literary language evolved differently.Compare, for example, the role of which was with the Latin culture and the Germanic peoples of the early Middle Ages, Romanesque, functions that are performed in England, the French language before the 14th century, the interaction of Latin, Czech, Polish in the 16th century, etc.
development of Slavic languages
In an era when formed and developed nation, formed the unity of literary norms.This occurs most often in the first writing, but sometimes the process can take place both in writing and orally.The Russian State 16-17 centuries was a period of work for the canonization and streamlining business regulations state language along with the formation of uniform requirements for colloquial Moscow.The same process occurs in other Slavic countries in which there is an active development of literary language.For the Serbian and Bulgarian is less typical, as in Serbia and Bulgaria was not an environment conducive to the development of business stationery and the state language on a national basis.Russian and Polish in addition to a certain extent, it is an example of Czech national Slavic literary language, which maintained contact with ancient writing.
turned toward breaking with the old tradition of the national language - is the Serbo-Croatian and Ukrainian part.In addition, there Slavic languages that have not evolved continuously.At some point, this development was interrupted, so the emergence of national language features in certain countries led to a break with the old, old written tradition or later - a Macedonian, Belarusian languages.Let us consider in more detail the history of the literary language in our country.
history of Russian literary language
ancient monuments of literature, which have been preserved, dating back to the 11th century.The conversion process and the formation of the Russian language in the 18-19 centuries, took place on the grounds of his opposition to the French - the language of the nobility.In the works of the classics of Russian literature extensively studied the possibility it introduces new language forms.Writers emphasized the richness of it and pointed to the advantages with respect to foreign languages.On this issue, there were often disputes.There are, for example, the dispute between the Slavophiles and Westerners.Later, in Soviet times, it was emphasized that our language - the language of the builders of communism, and during the reign of Stalin even hold an entire campaign against cosmopolitanism in Russian literature.And now it continues to shape the history of the Russian literary language in our country, as it happens continuously transform.
Folklore Folklore
as sayings, proverbs, epics, tales rooted in distant history.Samples of folklore passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, and the content of them so fine tuning that were only the most stable combinations, and updated language forms as how language evolved.
And after there was a written, oral tradition continued to exist.To the peasant folklore in modern times was added the city and work, and thieves (ie prison-camp) and the Army.Folklore today the most widely represented in the jokes.It is also influenced by the written literary language.
As developed in ancient Rus literary language?
Distribution and introduction of writing in Russia, which led to the formation of a literary language is usually associated with the names of Cyril and Methodius.
in Novgorod and other cities in the course of ages 11-15 were birch bark.The bulk of the surviving letters are private, who wore the nature of the business, as well as documents such as court records, bills of sale, receipts, wills.There are also folk (instruction on the farm, puzzle, school jokes, plots), literary and religious texts, as well as recording, wore a training character (child scribbles and drawings, school exercises, warehouses, ABC).
introduced in 863 by the brothers Cyril and Methodius Church Slavonic script was based on a language such as Old Church Slavonic, which occurred at the turn of the South Slavic dialects, or rather, from the old Bulgarian language, its Macedonian dialect.The literary activity of these brothers was primarily translated books of the Old and New Testaments.Their disciples translated from Greek into Church many religious books.Some scientists believe that Cyril and Methodius entered Glagolitic and Cyrillic is not, and the latter has been developed by their students.
Church Slavonic language
book rather than spoken, was the Church.It spread among many Slavic nations, where he performed as a language of church culture.Church Slavonic Literature in Moravia has spread from the western Slavs, Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia - the southern, in the Czech Republic, Croatia, Wallachia, as well as in Russia, with the adoption of Christianity.Church Slavonic language was very different from the spoken texts were subjected to a change in the correspondence gradually Russified.Words were approaching the Russian began to reflect the features characteristic of the local dialects.
first grammar textbooks were compiled in 1596 and Zinaniem Lawrence in 1619 - Meletios Smotritskii.In the late 17th century, it was essentially completed the formation of a language such as Church.
18th century - the reform of the literary language
MVLomonosov in the 18th century were made the most important reform of the literary language of our country, as well as the system of versification.He wrote a letter in 1739, defining the basic principles of versification.Lomonosov disputing Trediakovskij, wrote about the need to harness the power of our language, rather than to borrow from other various schemes.According to Mikhail Vasilyevich, writing poetry can be many feet: two-syllable (trochaic, iambic), ternary (amphibrach, anapaest, dactyl), but he believed that the division by Sponda and pyrrhics wrong.
addition, Lomonosov was also a scientific grammar of Russian.He described in his book, its capabilities and wealth.Grammar has been reprinted 14 times and formed the basis for the future in other work - grammar Autograph (was written in 1771), who was a disciple of Mikhail Vasilyevich.
modern literary language in our country
Its creator says Alexander Pushkin, whose works - the top of the literature in our country.This thesis is still relevant, but in the last two hundred years in the language has undergone great changes, and today see the obvious stylistic differences between modern language and the language of Pushkin.Despite the fact that the rules of the modern literary language has changed today, we still believe a sample of works of Alexander Sergeyevich.
poet himself meanwhile pointed to a major role in the formation of the literary language, NMKaramzin, as this glorious writer and historian, according to Alexander, freed from the yoke of another Russian and returned him his freedom.
