monumental sculpture quite different from other similar types of art.This is due to the fact that it embodies not only the author's intention, but a great moment in history, or even a full period.Typically, these sites are installed directly where there are various actions which, in fact, they are dedicated.
While viewing the monumental sculptures viewer to do rounds.The fact that, unlike paintings and statues and monuments look more realistic.Accordingly, acquainted with the art of need from all points of view.
Determination
in modern, there are several definitions of sculpture.Firstly, it is a monument, a stele, an obelisk, or something else that was erected for one purpose - to honor the memory of the individual, do much good for the city or the country.
Secondly, it is a sculpture dedicated to the historical events.Normally it is installed on the end of the war.There are cases when monuments are erected in the anniversary years of a city.
In common parlance as a monumental sculpture - is any statue, which has a large size.But this definition can not be considered scientific, even though it takes place.
In fact, a monumental sculpture is a work of art that is dedicated to the historical events.It can also be erected in honor of the great personalities.Its characteristic features are the large-scale and harmony with the surrounding architecture.
as the target audience is considered a mass audience.We can not say that the monument can only sculpture with a figure, there may be more.Sometimes built full combat moments with the participation of several personalities, guns and so on.
history of monumental sculpture
in Russia, as well as around the world for many centuries, perfected the art of sculpture.First, as a material used in the tree, and then the stone.At the beginning of the tenth century in Kiev there is the first work of monumental character.It is a relief of the Virgin Hodegetria.
But do not believe that the monumental and decorative sculpture actually begins in Kiev.The fact that the Slavic masters were trained in the Byzantine talented sculptors.A Byzantine type of reporting was already quite popular.
first types of monumental sculpture were devoted not human history.They personified the war between the gods, patrons of the city or childbirth and so on.And only a few centuries, a revolution in the world of art.There are the first sites with which planned to commemorate individuals actually existed and created useful things on the planet.
Technology of monumental sculpture
Before monumental sculptures will be installed in a designated place for it, a lot of work.There are a number of manufacturing techniques, but each of them has in common.The process takes place in 7 steps:
- Sketching on paper.
- Create graphic sketch, which will be represented by the sculpture from different angles of view.
- Create a small model of the statue of a soft material.As a rule, it uses clay.In the past it was not possible to try to blind copy small, so all the sculptures were made "profit."
- Creating a working model, in which the author counts all proportion, up to small parts.
- Calculating the proportions in a single coordinate system.Often again performed sketches, but taking into account the work done.
- Starting with the material.Centimeter sculptor builds its future creation.
- are made final movement, corrects the small details such as hair, eyes, lips and other corners.
Thus, the creation of a small statue may take years or even decades.It is necessary to consider a lot of details to create a masterpiece.
material production
monumental sculptures can be made of different materials.True genius is able to use all that is at hand.But most often used the following materials:
- natural stone - marble or granite. The first allows you to make softer lines and features, but it is poorly resists moisture.Therefore statues to be placed on the street often use granite.Products carved out of large boulders.
- Artificial stone - a composite. This material is poured into the mold.Once the sculpture is dry, it becomes completely finished.By type of products they differ little from marble or granite, but are much cheaper.
- metal - bronze, brass or copper. production method similar to the previous embodiment.Molten metal is poured into a mold, and then give it time to dry.
- Gypsum .This material is the easiest to sculptors.First, water is mixed with the powder, then the resulting mixture was poured into a mold.The drying process is quick, just a half hour.
- Tree .In this case, the sculpture can be carved from a single piece, or created on parts.
The choice of material is focused only on the desire of the sculptor, only occasionally it is selected according to customer requirements of the product.
Types
monumental sculptures monumental sculptures is infinite in its variety.You can give a lot of examples that will be associated with this art.However, there are species which occurs monumental classification models:
- Memorial. This sculpture, by means of which the creator is trying to perpetuate anyone.
- Monument. This monument, which is dedicated to the historical events or figures.
- Statue - a monument dedicated to the individual.
- Stella - vertical plate, which bears the inscription, or engraved pattern.
- Obelisk - pole consisting of four edges that are sharpened up.
- Monumental and decorative sculpture. It performs two functions.Firstly, it commemorates an event or a person.And secondly, is performed so as to fit the environment in harmony with him, that is for decoration.
- triumphal columns, arches or gates. These are facilities that are performed in honor of the victory over anyone to get rid of oppression and so on.
It is possible that there will be talented contemporary sculptors, who will bring in additional types of general classification.Therefore, a complete list can be considered only at the moment, there is no denying its potential replenishment.
Examples
in each country rather rampant monumental sculpture.Examples can lead indefinitely.This is due to the fact that every state has its own history, its important moments of their great men.And to transfer knowledge to future generations, erected monuments and obelisks, statues and monuments, steles and memorials.
As an example, consider the Russian monument to Peter 1, located in St. Petersburg.The great sculptor Falcone worked on it for almost 15 years.
also need to pay attention to the Alexandria column.It is dedicated to the victory over Napoleon, but Alexander I gave up its construction.However, the descendants of the emperor considered the best is still to commemorate this important historical moment for Russia.
From foreign monumental sculptures can see the statue of Marcus Aurelius, located in Rome.Keep it until today should be considered a big success.When all melted statue of Marcus, this monument is a statue found a completely different person.Therefore, today it is possible to look after the restoration, it looks like new.
Bronze Horseman
To perform a monument to Peter 1, Falcone was invited to Russia by order of Empress Catherine II.Sculptor at that time was already old enough (50 years) for large-scale work in France, it was not for him.He himself, executing orders on a conventional plant, still dreaming of major projects.When the invitation came, he did not even need to think.He came to Russia as soon as he could.
Falcone engaged in work for 12 years.But to execute the sculpture completely independently, he could not or simply did not want to.Head of the monument took his pupil, who had come with him.And the serpent underfoot horse did Russian sculptor.
Since the project was quite large, the master did not agree on the casting.A turn to foreigners did not have the financial ability.But then appealed to Haylovu, who agreed to teach Falcone, helping him with the selection of samples and proportions.
It should be noted that the sculptor was a relatively small fee, but with the help of the Bronze Horseman, he managed not only to perpetuate the Russian Emperor, but also themselves.Today, everyone can get acquainted with sculpture, it is in the public domain in St. Petersburg.
statue of Marcus Aurelius
There are sculptures, which have a lot of centuries.Some of them are known only by written or ruins.But one still survives to this day.This statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome.
general, there were many such statues.However, in the Middle Ages they were all melted down into a variety of useful products from bronze.Equestrian image of Marcus Aurelius preserved only by mistake.The fact that it confused with the statue of Emperor Constantine the Great.
In the Renaissance monument served as a representative sample.Many sculptors, including talented and even genius of Donatello, turned to him, relied on him.
Alexander Column Alexander Column
appeared in the project immediately after the victory over Napoleon.However, the Emperor did not support the idea because it was modest, and thanksgiving inscription in honor of Alexander I did not suit him.Work on the obelisk stopped.
Later, when Charles of Russia won the design of the General Staff, he adapts the architecture for the Alexander Column.So in 1829, Nicholas I had no choice but to accept the project.Unfortunately, his development he has entrusted not Rossi and Montferrand.
Alexander Column was made of red granite.Its top is decorated with an angel.It represents the world's highest triumphal column.Also, its distinctive feature is that under it there is no foundation or pile strengthening.She kept only by exact calculation.
Admiralty building
Admiralty building in St. Petersburg was carried out according to the drawings of Peter I. The construction began in 1704.After 7 years in the center of the facade of the building completed tower, the spire of which was decorated with a small boat.
Admiralty building in St. Petersburg is one of the main buildings of the city.This is due to the fact that it crossed three major streets.The main facade of the length of 407 meters.Next there is a sculptural decoration, which includes several statues and columns.
Conclusion
Anyway, an important place in the art of making a monumental sculpture.Photos of various triumphal statues, statues or monuments adorn the pages of many historical books.Some sculptures are in private collections, and even from time to time show at exhibitions.But most of all monuments are located in the streets, and anyone can read them for free.
