XIII century in Russia was marked by the association of the northeastern principalities.Capital city, in which the prince sat, was elected Moscow.At the service, he had many of the boyars, some of which are engaged in the service and ensure that all necessary directly prince and his palace (butlers) following the filling of the Treasury (treasurer), for the maintenance of combat-ready troops, and many others.However, the prince no less interested in life in the capital and well-being of people in the townships, or, more simply, on the periphery of the state.It was then that the prince decided to establish such posts as the governors and volosteli.That decision was intended not only to comply strictly with the order in the state, but also to monitor the borders of Russia.This emperor has entrusted these posts?What are the duties laid it on the governors and volosteley?What was their main role?On this and many other things, this article will tell.
meaning of the word "governor»
Speaking scientific language, to the number of governors include people who on the orders of the prince went to the big city of Russia to represent its interests there.Governorship was tested for the first time in Novgorod, and was originally a person acting as sovereign "in place", was called "Knyazhye husband."Only at the end of the 13th century, the incumbent People everywhere were called "governors".This phenomenon has helped to strengthen the power of the prince on the one hand, but at the same time untied the hands of some unscrupulous officials who sometimes could compromise the legality of their own interests.However governorship lasted until the ascension to the throne of Ivan the Terrible, nearly 4 centuries.
Currently, the word "governor" came of items.So-called representatives of the Church, entrusted with the duties of the bishop during his absence.
Procedure for obtaining positions
As we learned earlier, the governors - are representatives of the prince, from which it can be concluded that to obtain this position could only man of the family of boyars, especially approached to monarchs.Prince is not taken into account the opinion of the people living in a particular district or principality, and guided by their own interests.In every major city in the Prince of Moscow were "their" governors.This could not affect the right of further assignment, whereby the position became inherited from father to son.An example of this can serve as a fact: in Meshchera for nearly 2 centuries governors were members of one boyar family.
main functions of governor
With what functions have governors?Firstly, they can make legal and other actions designed to restore order to their assigned territories.Under the jurisdiction of the governor got both civil and criminal cases.Second, they were both captains and managers prince's property in their own backyards.However, the main business of the governor was to collect these taxes and levies in favor of the prince:
- periodic levies (Christmas, and Peter the Great);
- court fees;
- trade and extortion marriage;Driving
- tax crossing the Principality carts with goods.
worth noting that obtained in this way means there is not only the prince, but the governors themselves.This activity they are often placed above their other responsibilities because of what often rising unrest among the common people.
Governors and volosteli: What's the difference?
Governors and volosteli - two concepts that are inextricably linked.In spite of the great similarity performed duties, volosteli always stood on the step below the governors.When compared to the modern system of government, the volostelya can be equated to the head of a small municipality, as the governor - to the head of the city or the whole region.If the governor could be tried for criminal offenses, the volostelyam were allowed to conduct only civil cases.Instruments on the "feeding" that is, the collection of taxes and levies, volosteli received from the governor or directly from the prince.As well as governors, volosteli frequently abused their power, with the result that with the arrival of Ivan the Terrible, both positions were abolished.
