in the historical tradition of the hetman - a military commander who led the troops of a certain group or a whole army.For the first time in the sources of the word "Hetman" is mentioned in connection with the Hussite revolt in the Czech Republic.In Poland, the term is used with the 1503, it was the commander of the royal armed forces.
Hetmans as political leaders
With the majority of Ukrainian Hetman caused such a thing as a "national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people" against the Commonwealth.The history of appropriation of this title in the Ukraine is very interesting.Contrary rooted historical association that Hetman - is purely ruler of the Cossacks and the Hetman state, for the first time officially received the title of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648.
After the Union of Lublin in Poland in 1596 a reform of local government, according to which in each of the regions of the monarchy had its own ruler, called the hetman.This is the story of the emergence of the title "Ukrainian hetman."
military successes Zaporizhia Army
speak about some useful activity of Hetman official set for the King of Poland in Ukraine, not worth it.Among the prominent political, military and cultural figures of 16-17 centuries no official Hetman.Cossack hetman personified the part of intellectuals who considered themselves free from the Commonwealth.The Cossacks set themselves several objectives:
- struggle against the Polish gentry, from which economically dependent peasants (panschina, dues, and so on. D.);
- fight against external enemies (the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire).
most famous Cossack hetman late 16th and early 17th century were Krzysztof Kosinski, and Peter Severin Nalivaiko Konashevych-Sahaidachny.These people have seen in the development of the Cossacks real chance to realize the desire of the Ukrainian people to gain independence and, consequently, their own state.At the same time, they clearly understood the complexity of the process.The main methods of struggle were military campaigns and rebellion.The most massive was the uprising of 1591-1596 years.At the time, the Cossack pens were very courageous, but still not equipped with weapons, so suffered several defeats in major battles.At the same nobleman harm they could cause significant.It was after these uprisings Rzeczpospolita reform the system of local government, introducing the official position of the Hetman.From outside it is worth noting trips Cossacks Moscow in 1602, as well as several serious attacks against the Turks, Ukrainians have shown to be very strong opponents.
Hetman Khmelnitsky
Bogdan Khmelnitsky Zinovy was born in 1596.He received a good education at the Kiev sister school.Family estate is located in Khmelnitskiy Subotove, near the town of Chigirin (Cherkasy region modern Ukraine).He served in the camp of the Registered Cossacks took part in the war with Spain, took the fortress of Dunkirk in France.But his main mission in life Khmelnitsky performed in the period from 1648 to 1654 during the war of national liberation against the Commonwealth.It was during these years Hetman - a military and political leader of the forces that fought against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.The war against the Polish state took place with varying success.Successful battle was in the spring of 1648 at Yellow Waters and Korsun.
Polish leaders realized that they were dealing with a powerful enemy.During the summer of 1648 Ukrainian troops crushed the Polish estates.The number of soldiers in the army of Khmelnitsky grew to 30 000 people.In the spring of 1648 was a winning battle of pyliavtsi.In subsequent years, we were fighting near Zbarazh and Berestechko.The main outcome of Bogdan Khmelnitsky was joining the Ukrainian lands to Russia in 1654 in Pereyaslav.
Ivan Mazepa -
Hetman Mazepa's reign period from 1687 to 1709 can be divided into 2 parts.Before the start of the Northern War Hetman had a very good relationship with Peter the Great.The main activity of Mazepa in this period, to the benefit of the people, manifested in the development of culture and spirituality (the construction of churches).The second period (1700 to 1709) showed that Mazepa - Hetman, thinking about the country's independence.The climax of such sentiments become Ukrainian hetman agreement with the Swedish King Charles XII.A manifestation of this alliance was the participation of allied troops and Sweden, Mazepa in Poltava battle against the forces of Peter.
Ukrainian hetman, of course, could not solve the question of full independence of the country, but there was unity with kindred peoples - Russians and Belarusians.Hetman - a person who embodies the national aspirations of the Ukrainian people.It was with the advent of Hetman intensified the national liberation movement in the territory of modern Ukraine.
