, Alexander II was the emperor of all the Russias, the Polish king and Grand Duke of Finland in the period from 1855 to 1881.He came from the Romanov dynasty.
, Alexander II was remembered as an outstanding innovator conducting liberal reforms of 60-70 years of the 19th century.The fact they have improved or worsened the socio-economic and political situation in our country, historians still argue.But the role of the emperor is difficult to overestimate.Not for nothing in the Russian historiography it is known as Alexander the Liberator.This honorary title of the ruler was the abolition of serfdom.Killed Alexander II, the terrorist attack, which took responsibility for the activists of the movement "People's Will".
Judicial reform
In 1864 was published an important document that largely changed the system of justice in Russia.It was a judicial statute.This is where the liberal reforms 60-70-ies of the XIX century appeared very bright.This statute was the basis for a unified system of courts, whose activities should henceforth be based on the principle of equality of all segments of the population before the law.Now the meeting, which addressed both civil and criminal cases have become public, and their results should be published in the print media.Parties to litigation have acquired the right to use the services of a lawyer with a degree in law and has not been in the public service.
Despite significant innovations aimed at strengthening the capitalist system, yet the liberal reforms of 60-70 years of the 19th century survivals of serfdom.For farmers to create specialized county courts, which as a punishment could appoint and beatings.If we consider the political processes, the administrative reprisals were inevitable, even if the verdict was not guilty.
Zemskaya reform
Alexander II was aware of the need for changes in the system of local governance.Liberal reforms 60-70-ies resulted in the creation of elected Zemsky bodies.They had to deal with issues related to taxation, with health care, primary education, finance, and so on. D. Elections in the county and rural councils were held in two stages and provide the majority of seats in them nobles.Peasants were assigned a minor role in resolving local issues.This situation persisted until the late 19th century.A slight change in the proportions achieved entry into the council of the kulaks and merchants, who came from a peasant background.
is elected zemstvo four years.They deal with issues of local government.In any case, affect the interests of the peasants, the decision was made in favor of the landowners.
Military Reform
We touch changes and the army.The liberal reforms of 60-70 years of the 19th century were dictated by the necessity of urgent modernization of military machinery.Supervised transformations DA Milutin.Reform took place in several stages.At first, the whole country was divided into military districts.For this was published a number of documents.Central was the regulation on universal conscription, signed by the emperor in 1862.He replaced conscription into the army general mobilization, regardless of classes.The main purpose of the reform was to reduce the number of soldiers in peacetime, and the ability to promptly collect them in case of an unexpected outbreak of hostilities.
As a result, changes were achieved the following results:
- created an extensive network of military and cadet schools, which involved representatives of all classes.
- size of the army was reduced to 40%.
- was founded headquarters and military districts.
- The army was abolished tradition of corporal punishment for the slightest offense.
- Global retooling.
Peasant Reform
Serfdom during the reign of Alexander II has almost outlived itself.Conducted Russian Empire liberal reforms 60-70.XIX century with the main objective to create a more advanced and civilized state.It was impossible not affect vital areas of social life.Peasant unrest grew stronger, they became particularly acute after exhausting the Crimean War.The state appealed to this segment of the population for support in combat.The peasants were convinced that this would be a reward for their release from the arbitrary actions of the landlord, but their hopes were dashed.Increasingly, riots broke out.If in 1855 there were 56, in 1856 their number exceeded m already 700.
Alexander II ordered the creation of a specialized Committee on Peasant Affairs, which included 11 people.In the summer of 1858 was a draft reform.He proposed organizing committees in the field, which would include the most authoritative representatives of noble families.They were granted the right to amend the draft.
basic principle on which the liberal reforms of 60-70 years of the 19th century in the field of serfdom, was the recognition of the personal independence of all citizens of the Russian Empire.However, landlords remained true masters and owners of land on which the working peasants.But the last time, given the opportunity to redeem the land, which worked together with outbuildings and living quarters.The project has caused a wave of indignation on the part of landlords, and from peasants.The latter were the landless against the release, arguing that "the same air can not eat."
Fearing escalation of the situation relating to the peasant revolts, the government is going to make significant concessions.The new draft reform had a more radical character.The peasants were given personal freedom and land in permanent possession, followed by the right of redemption.To this end, it has developed a program of concessional lending.
19.02.1861, the Emperor signed the manifesto, which is to legislate innovation.After that it was adopted and regulations that detail settled the issues arising in the course of incarnations reform.After serfdom was abolished, it was possible to achieve the following results:
- peasants received personal independence, and the ability to dispose of all its assets on their own.
- landlords were the rightful owners of their land, but were obliged to give certain former serf allotments.
- For the use of leased plots peasants had to pay dues, which could not refuse for nine years.
- Dimensions serfdom and stored in a special allotment certificates that were checked by intermediary bodies.
- peasants over time could redeem their land by agreement with the landlord.
Education Reform
changed and the system of education.It was created a real school, which, in contrast to the standard high schools, emphasis on math and science.In 1868, Moscow began to function only at the time the higher courses for women, which was a big breakthrough in relation to gender equality.
other reforms
addition to all of the above, changes were made and many other spheres of life.Thus, greatly expanded the rights of Jews.They were allowed to move freely throughout the territory of Russia.The right to move and work in the specialty obtained intellectuals, doctors, lawyers and artisans.
study in detail the liberal reforms 60-70-ies of the XIX century, the 8th grade of secondary school.
