overthrow idols tradition is not new.After the XX Congress of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union continued to stand monuments to the dead in 1953 the leader of the party, but in 2-3 years, the Soviet leadership realized it, and ordered to begin their demolition.But they were different - from simple standard specimens to huge statues and bas-reliefs carved prisoners on rocky shores of the Kolyma.But the most important monument of the deceased tyrant was in the capital, Moscow, in its very heart.Stalin Mausoleum lying next to the unshakable, indestructible and Cornerstone shrine mummy creator of the world's first socialist state, which he himself put it, and.For the champion of the Leninist norms of management of the First Secretary of the CPSU Khrushchev this neighborhood was unbearable.
Lenin Mausoleum and
In order to deal with the relic of Soviet symbols, need some flashback to the beginning of 1924, should review the events that followed the death of Lenin.
As the leader of the Bolshevik Party was an atheist, and the ritual of the life he was treated accordingly, that is to say almost nothing.
Of course, over the years of the Civil War, formed a certain set of rituals that accompanied the farewell to the dead fighters for the people's happiness.Procedure for the funeral included, as a rule, the decline of red banners, performed by brass orchestras Party anthem - "The Internationale," the speech (sometimes politically illiterate) different fighting (and not) companions (not always sober), accompanied by vows and promises to avenge "counter".
In the case of such a majestic figure, like Lenin, it was not enough.And then in the organization of the funeral ceremony, including specialists with unfinished seminary education, Comrade Stalin.The mausoleum, made of boards nailed at first, was placed the coffin, and everyone could look at the deceased leader of all proletarians of the world.Since those were many, while people's access to the body has been extended, and then it was decided by the embalming of the corpse preservation.This was done very late.
mausolean science
During the time spent in the Mausoleum of Lenin's body, Soviet science has made a large-scale breakthrough in a unique direction.And before that there were cases of successful embalming of corpses, some countries in ancient times, people tried to save the physical shell of their rulers, and prominent figures, but these skills, having reached the level of art, kept secret, and partly for this reason that loss.
In recent history, known case related to the embalming of the technology developed by a great surgeon Pirogov, and applied to him after his death.However, this method had, apparently, a lot of subtleties to play it was not easy.Therefore, the Soviet anatomists had to invent his own way, which included not only forced the operation to preserve tissue and partial recovery.Stalin lying in the mausoleum almost nine years old, his body was also embalmed, and professionals working in the special laboratory concerned with preserving Lenin's mummy, reasonably assume that even today, after decades of lying in an ordinary grave, it is possible that the body of the second Soviet leader isin bearable form.Although with some reservations.
Relics forever?
question of whether it is appropriate to put on display the broad masses of the dead body, now lies rather in the moral and ethical than political.The number of people for whom the name of Lenin is holy, today is not very large, though claim that there are none at all, is also impossible.
Equally important relic for many Soviet people was the body of Joseph Stalin.From 1953 to 1962, they knew that the two great rulers, and revolutionary comrade Lenin and Stalin - in the mausoleum.Photos of their bodies almost never been published, but they could see everyone who came to Moscow, and stood a long line.It seems that now it will always be.
excesses
During the years of Stalin's rule and was not created "new man", necessary for the complete victory of communism.But there was another type, which marks the head of the Soviet type.This character always agree with the opinion of the head of the party, and if hesitated, then certainly with the general line.
Ironically, it was Stalin's management methods were applied in deciding to exclude the offending corpse general secretary of the Leninist norms of the list of official Soviet relics.Not all support this initiative of the workers of the Kirov plant was internally agree with him.When Stalin learned from the Mausoleum, some members of the commission for the reburial of tears.The gaping jaws of the grave were thrown a few handfuls of earth.It was bold, but to protest, let alone rebellion nedotyagivaet.Where courageous behaved officers were part of the funeral team.They refused to cut jacket with Stalin buttons made of gold, as urged by itself first, and was demoted.Other incidents have occurred.
«bottom-up initiatives»
initiated the formal removal of Stalin's body from the mausoleum is considered to be the first secretary of the Leningrad regional party organization comrade.IV Spiridonov, but he acted according to the usual nomenclature for the scheme, according to which the Communists maintained a gust of the laboring masses, and, of course, led by him.
Assembly workers Kirov workers will likely occurred, but the agenda and the decision was, without a doubt, prepared in advance and approved "on the top".What is important is the historical background against which Stalin carried out of the mausoleum.
year 1961 was marked by many events in the life of the whole country.I ended the next party congress, XXII.Inside, things were not the best, prices were rising.The broad masses of the working people voluntarily and involuntarily compared the Khrushchev era to the previous era, in which they, on the contrary, decreased.People remember the good is better than bad.Even the first manned flight into space and test the most powerful hydrogen charge can compensate for the lack of meat and sausages in the shops only partially.
night and the mystery
Removal of Stalin from the mausoleum was held immediately after the approving vote of the Congress.It occurs simultaneously with the reburial near the Kremlin wall, where there was a pre-dug grave, the light of spotlights aimed at her.
ahead of time and set the plywood panels, fence off the participants of the process, both living and dead, from prying eyes.Option funeral at Novodevichy Cemetery was rejected in order to avoid unintended consequences.Maybe it was all of the demonstrative pilgrimage to the tomb of abduction.
When Stalin learned from the Mausoleum, with his uniform yet removed all the precious elements in the form of gold epaulettes generalissimo, Star of Hero of Socialist Labor and notorious buttons, instead of which hastily sewn brass.History is silent about who did it.
No passing on Red Square at night the few passers-by the police explained that preparing the parade in honor of the 7th of November.
hits Last Night when Stalin learned from the Mausoleum, his not knowing themselves, welcomed the Soviet troops.On the pavement rumbled tank tracks, engines roared formidable fighting machines, and hammered step infantry reflected from the walls of the Kremlin.Rehearsal and in fact take place, but for him who died seven years ago, the Supreme Commander was a real parade.
Meanwhile, facing the entrance has already filmed, in its place is already prepared to keep even the Stalinist label with the same name, but it took time installation, and an empty space just shut down a piece of cloth with the word "Lenin".In the morning the main tomb of the Soviet Union planned to open to the public.Predict the response of the population was difficult, but this problem was trying to solve the most influential Soviet organization - the KGB.
tombstone
Monument was not long, only heavy horizontal plate with succinctly knocked out letters and numbers, does the name, date and party pseudonym boundaries of life.Tombstone in the form of a bust by N. Tomsky came nearly a decade after Stalin carried out of the mausoleum.
Year 1970 was difficult for the Soviet-Chinese relations.In China, the Brezhnev leadership was considered revisionist, who died on a par with revered leader Mao resented disrespect to his memory.But in the Soviet Union and the end of the sixties, a critical attitude to Stalin gave way to a "balanced" approach to history, expressed the recognition that the cult was of course, but also the personality took place.
murmur
Fears that, on learning of the absence of ashes in a mausoleum Comrade Stalin would have to pacify the people, they were in vain.Unsolicited calls, of course, have gone, but they do not go beyond the normal philistine murmur.
security staff noticed the appearance of political jokes, which essentially boiled down to the assumptions of the future site of the burial of the First Secretary Khrushchev."It Nikita with its clamshell breaking, Comrade Lenin," - as if Stalin said Vladimir Ilyich with his famous Caucasian accent, he heard the roar of the back door of the Mausoleum.
reasons for dissatisfaction were they led to many conflicts, the most famous of which was the Novocherkassk uprising that happened soon, but to move the dead body of the relationship excitement had, people accepted the change occurred on the Red Square is quite passive.Fans of harsh methods in the face of "steadfast" Communists laid flowers every year on March 5 and 21 December for the mausoleum, where the tomb of Stalin was surrounded by other graves of prominent figures of the party.These protests and limited.
Memory and History
From the perspective of an ordinary citizen of Russia, who grew up in the past two decades, much of this history can be confusing.For example, what is the fundamental difference between the inhabitants of the tombs, standing today at the Red Square?
In the year that Stalin carried out of the Mausoleum, the main idea that the party leadership tried (with some success) to bring to the consciousness of the masses, was the idea that Lenin was planned correctly, but came after leaders misrepresented his plan.And only now, when the power finally came to dear Nikita Sergeyevich, everything goes as it should.Here it is, a true Leninist.
modern man who knows and understands the nature of communism, most often it is not clear why Stalin was removed from the mausoleum, and Lenin there.The answer is simple, all a matter of culture and attitude to the history of their own country.Respect the beliefs of those who, because of old age can not and does not want to change them, it is necessary.In Russia and abroad live today are very good people who are committed, however, to communist ideals.And they must be considered if we want to be respected and our descendants.
