To prevent peasant unrest, Catherine II in 1775 decided to reform relating to local governance.This step led to a clearer division of the whole territory of the Russian Empire.She became divided into administrative units, which are determined by the number of so-called tax-paying population (people who pay taxes).The largest of these were the province.
Reform 1708
According to the decree of Peter I of 18 December, the empire was divided into eight provinces: Moscow, Smolensk, Azov, Arkhangelogorodskaya, Kazan, Siberian, Kiev and Ingermanland that after 2 years was renamed St. Petersburg.They were run by governors appointed by the king.In such high-level positions usually claimed major dignitaries.They get a huge military, administrative, and judicial power.In addition, they were given the opportunity to manage their finances province.
Over the next coming years there are 3 major administrative units: Riga, Astrakhan and Nizhny Novgorod.Provincial reform of Peter I stretched for several years.In 1715, some changes were made to the local government.They included the fractional division of provinces, which was based on statistical principles, ie. E. On the number of households.In 1719, these administrative units became divided into provinces.Later, they were divided.As a result, 250 districts were formed, which is controlled by the governors.
worth noting that the turning point in the management of a vast empire of steel as the decree of Peter I, and he year 1708. The provincial reform was aimed at the maximum simplification of the mechanism of management of the country.At the time, it was considered almost pioneering.
Goals Catherine transformations
main paper, which determined the conduct of the next reform in Russia, was a document entitled "Institutions for the management of provinces of the Russian Empire."I must say that on the eve of reforms initiated by Catherine II, the territory of the country, compared to Peter's time, already had a large number of administrative areas.This was due to the fact that the empire permanently joined to the new land.
provincial reform in Russia, started by Catherine II, was to transform the 23 provinces, 66 provinces and about 180 counties.Its purpose was to increase the number of major administrative centers.As a result, the number has almost doubled.
Separation
The whole empire was divided into provinces, and then to the counties.This process occurs only on an administrative basis, without any economic, geographical and national factors.Provincial reform Catherine 2 pursued the same goal - to adapt the new administrative apparatus to the police, and fiscal responsibilities.
separation is quantitative criteria, ie. E. The number of people.So, in the territory of each province was home to about 400 thousand. People, as in the county - 30 thousand.After a series of transformations that took place from 1728 to 1760, the old controls were eliminated.Also, the reform abolished the provincial and territorial units such as provinces.
Management
the head of the largest territorial units were governors who might be appointed or removed only by the emperor.They helped manage the provincial government, consisting of a prosecutor and a pair of centurions.Fiscal and financial affairs doing the Exchequer.Education and health was headed by the orders of public charity.The legitimacy of the prosecutors was carried out with two solicitors.
provincial reform Catherine 2 touched and district administrations.They were headed Zemsky police captain who chooses the local gentry.There were also collective bodies, called zemstvo lower courts.Besides police officer, and there were two assessors.The subordinate courts was Zemsky police.Also, their job was to monitor the implementation of the procedure and on the territory under their control the various decisions and laws of provincial boards.But in the cities, a new position - the chief of police.
management of several large territorial units was carried out Governor-General.It is the commander in these regions, if there was no emperor himself, and had the right to enter not only extraordinary measures, but also directly access the reports to the monarch.
I must say that for the centralized power was a very important year 1775. The provincial reform has further strengthened it.Thus dividing the country, it has strengthened the position of most of its administrative staff in all regions.In addition, with the same aim of reorganizing the judicial system, and have set up special bodies exercising police and punitive functions.
proposed reorganization
In 1769, the Legislative Commission, attempts were made at the level of provinces to share the duties of administrations and courts.To do this, planned to create a four-level system, which would include county and provincial orders, provincial raspravnye Chamber and the Senate, which is a court of appeal.
In the cities wanted to keep the provincial courts of magistrates.In addition, a planned organization of class of ships - separately for the peasants and nobles.At a meeting of Deputies proposed that the proceedings have become open and transparent.But at the same time, they supported and the creation of class of ships.It is this dual attitude and stop eventually, separation of judicial functions of government.Deputies understood that to defend the privileges and special status of the nobility could only be by means of intervention administration.Despite this, most of the proposals put forward by the Legislative Commission, have been introduced into practice, when the conduct of provincial reform in 1775.
Separation vessels
In 1769, MPs have prepared a special law, which regulated the foundations of judicial law.It was supposed to create some vessels: shopping, dealing with brokerage and merchant affairs;special - he was in charge of customs problems;criminal, police and civilian - were engaged in "deaneries";spiritual - considered internal church matters relating to law and faith;military - involved in criminal acts court officials.
police, criminal and civil courts would be divided according to the territorial principle - in urban and rural.All they had to enter into a common three-tier system of subordination: Province - County - Province.It is also anticipated that the judicial authorities will be able to evaluate the orders coming from the central government, in terms of national importance.In addition, urban and rural courts had elected to do, and litigation - open.All these proposals made by the Commission at the time, were of great importance for the forthcoming judicial reform in Russia in 1775.
estate system
As mentioned earlier, the transformation affected not only the administrative apparatus.Provincial reform pulled him and the changes in the judicial system.It not only articulate but also to maximize the separation of birth consolidated basis.
● Each county set up special courts for the nobility.They consisted of a judge and two assessors.They are elected by the local nobility for 3 years.High Provincial Courts have played the role of appellate courts and consisted of two departments involved in civil and criminal matters.They were the only ones in the whole province and consisted of two people - the chairman and his deputy are appointed by the emperor himself.They could conduct audits and monitor the activities of the district courts.
● the lower courts in the cities become magistrates.Their members are also elected for a term of 3 years.For these appellate courts were provincial magistrates.It is composed of a chairman and two 2 assessors from the local community.
● The lower the county government tried massacres of peasants.They hear civil and criminal cases.They engaged the officials who were appointed by the authorities.Court of appeal for lower steel top violence.Cases are made only on bail, which was in force for one week.
● provincial reform and established the so-called conscientious courts.They were built as on the principle of birth.They included members of the nobility and the townspeople and peasants.These courts perform the so-called conciliatory function (helping to resolve the conflict between the plaintiffs).In addition, their responsibilities include and special proceedings in respect of crimes committed by insane people or children.It also reviewed and cases of witchcraft.
● In the provinces auditing and appellate courts are judicial Chambers of both criminal and civil cases.They reviewed complaints coming to them from the High Provincial Courts and executions, as well as from provincial magistrates.As a rule, appeals were accompanied by a deposit large enough.
● The Senate was the highest of all the judicial organs.
So what else is interesting provincial reform Catherine 2 (year 1775)?It was then that the first attempt was made by separating the administration of the court.But she did not succeed.Governors are still able to influence the execution of sentences, for example on the deprivation of honor or the death penalty.Court chairpersons appointed by the authorities, as the representatives of the estates had the right to elect only assessors.Many cases come to the city police.In addition, act, and patrimonial justice.
Responsibilities
principles of police administration has been discussed at meetings of the Legislative Commission, before the provincial reform began.Year 1771 was marked by the completion of the project, which envisaged the creation of police departments in cities.They were to be apparatus for the protection of public order.
is the responsibility of the police was to suppress a variety of illegal acts.For example, this could be a womanizing, fights, excessive display of luxury, fast driving or violation of order during religious services and processions.Also, the police had the right to control the various festivities, watch the trade in the markets and cleanliness of cities, rivers, food, water and more.et al.
The functions of the police are also fighting fires, thieves and vagabonds, secret meetings and other troublemakers.She also regulate trade rules and the content of the restaurants.In addition, the responsibilities of the police included the control over taxation, town planning and organizing all kinds of celebrations.
The police
Began provincial reform Catherine 2. The year 1775 provided for the establishment of a number of special police officers.But the project "Charter of the deanery" was completed only 6 years.The following year, it published.It consisted of 14 chapters and 274 articles.This charter defines the structure of the police, their system, the main aspects of the activity, as well as a list of acts that are punishable.
law enforcement bodies of the city council became deanery.The number of its employees were Rathmann councilors, police officers involved in both criminal and civil cases, the mayor (or chief commander) and the chief of police.
For convenience, all the city was divided into quarters and parts (section occurred in the number of buildings).Head of the Police Department police officer was in part, and in the quarter - the warden.All grades were in the "Table of Ranks."Led provincial government police authorities.They decide all questions relating to the offset or destination positions.Police in the capital controlled exclusively by the Senate.
offenses
The "Charter of decorum" was listed a number of offenses and sanctions, which should be in charge of the police.Here are some of them:
● acts related to non-compliance with laws and decisions of police;
● activity directed against the worship of the Orthodox faith, and as a whole;
● bribery;
● actions that violate public order;
● actions that are contrary to the rules of decorum, such as gambling, prohibited representations, drunkenness, swearing, buildings without permission misconduct;
● criminal activity directed against the existing order, the property of the individual and others.
police authorities have the right to apply to the violators of sanctions only for some faults, for example, for illegal possession of weapons, theft of property, the performance against orthodoxy, a violation of the rules of customs andt.. But most of the police involved in the preliminary investigation and the subsequent transfer of the collected material to the courts.The only thing it did not work, so it is with political crimes.For this purpose there were other organs.
provincial reform Catherine 2 contributed to separation of executive and judicial authorities.All classes, except the fortress, began to take a more active role in local governance.Also, for each of them was created by a court.In addition, the provincial reform put an end to the operation of almost all colleges.Exceptions were only the most important - Foreign, Defense and Admiralty.Responsibilities liquidated boards moved to the provincial authorities.
