A year ago, the Crimean peninsula was part of the state of Ukraine.But after March 16, 2014, he was replaced by "place of residence" and became part of the Russian Federation.Therefore, it is understandable heightened interest in how to develop the Crimea.The history of the peninsula is very rough and intense.
first inhabitants of the ancient land
history of the peoples of the Crimea dates back several millennia.On the peninsula, researchers found the remains of ancient people who lived as far back as the Paleolithic era.Near the parking Kiik-Koba and Staroselie archaeologists found the bones of people who at that time inhabited this area.
In the first millennium BC lived here Cimmerians, Scythians and Tauri.On behalf of a nation that territory, or rather its mountain and coastal parts still called Tauris, brand or Tauridia.Ancient people were engaged in this not very fertile land of agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as hunting and fishing.The world was new, fresh and bright.
Greeks, the Romans and the Goths
But for some of the ancient states very attractive in terms of location turned out to be a sunny Crimea.History of the Greek peninsula has echoes.Around 6-5 th centuries BC the area began to actively colonize the Greeks.They founded a whole colony, after which came the first state.The Greeks brought along with them the benefits of civilization: they are actively built temples and theaters, stadiums and baths.At this time there began to develop shipbuilding.It is with Greeks historians have attributed the development of viticulture.Also, the Greeks planted olive trees here and engaged in collecting oil.It is safe to say that with the arrival of Greek history of Crimea has received a new impetus.
But after a few centuries, the mighty Rome had his eye on this territory and seized part of the coast.This seizure lasted until the 6th century AD.But the biggest damage to the development of the peninsula tribes ready inflicted, have invaded the 3-4th centuries and by which disbanded the Greek state.Although ready soon pushed other nations, the development of the Crimea greatly slowed down at this time.
Khazars and Tmutarakan
Crimea is called the ancient Khazars, and some Russian chronicles the area referred Tmutarakani.And it is not figurative name of a place, which was the Crimea.History has left the peninsula in question are toponyms, which at one time or another called this area the world's land.Since the 5th century, the entire Crimea falls under strict Byzantine influence.But in the 7th century, the whole area of the peninsula (except Khersones) is in the Khazar Kaganate, powerful and strong.That is why in Western Europe in many manuscripts is found the name "Khazar".But Russia and Khazars all time rival, and 960-year history of the Russian Crimea begins.Kaganat destroyed, and all the possessions are subject to Khazar Old Russian state.Now this area is called Tmutarakani.
By the way, this is where Prince Vladimir of Kiev, who took Kherson (Korsun) in 988 was officially christened.
Mongol-Tatar trail
From the 13th century the history of the Crimea again develops a military scenario: the peninsula invading Mongol-Tatars.
There is formed Crimean ulus - a division of the Golden Horde.After the Golden Horde splits, in 1443 on the peninsula there is the Crimean Khanate.In 1475 it is entirely subject to the influence of Turkey.From here take place numerous raids on Polish, Russian and Ukrainian lands.And at the end of the 15th century, the invasion becomes widespread and threaten the integrity of both the Moscow state and Poland.Basically, the Turks were hunting for cheap labor: they are being captured people and selling them into slavery in the slave markets of Turkey.One reason for the creation of Zaporizhzhya Sich in 1554 was opposition to this capture.
Russian history
history transfer of Crimea Russia continued in 1774, when he was signed Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca.After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 came to an end almost 300 years of Ottoman domination.The Turks refused to Crimea.It was at this time there on the peninsula's largest city of Sevastopol and Simferopol.Crimea is booming, money invested here, begins the rapid flowering of industry and commerce.
But Turkey did not give plans to regain the attractive grounds and preparing for a new war.We must pay tribute to the Russian army, which did not allow to do so.After another war in 1791 was signed Treaty of Jassy.
willful decisions of Catherine II
So, actually a peninsula now part of a powerful empire, the name of which - Russia.Crimea, whose history goes back a lot of passes from hand to hand, needed a strong defense.Acquired southern lands had to be protected, ensuring border security.Empress Catherine II, Prince Potemkin commissioned to examine the advantages and weaknesses of the Crimea.In 1782 Potemkin wrote a letter to the Empress, which insists on making important decisions.Catherine agrees with his arguments.She understands how important the Crimea for the solution of internal problems of the state and in the foreign policy perspective.
April 8, 1783 Catherine II issued a manifesto on the annexation of the Crimea.It was a fateful document.From that moment, from that date, Russia, the Crimea, the history of the empire and the peninsula is closely intertwined for centuries.According to the Manifesto, all Crimean residents were promised protection of the territory from the enemy, the preservation of property and faith.
True, the Turks of the accession of Crimea to Russia recognized only eight months later.All this time, the situation around the peninsula was extremely tense.When the manifesto was published, the first allegiance of the Russian empire swore clerics and only then - the entire population.The peninsula staged celebrations celebrations, feasts, games and performed jumps into the air were given shots of cannon salute.As noted by contemporaries, the entire Crimea with joy and jubilation joined the Russian Empire.
Since Crimea peninsula history and way of life of its people are inextricably been linked with all the events that took place in the Russian Empire.
powerful impetus to the development
Brief History of Crimea after joining the Russian empire can be described in one word - "blossoming."There are beginning to rapidly develop industry and agriculture, wine-making, viticulture.In the cities there are fish and salt pans, the people actively developing trade ties.
Since the Crimea is in a very warm and favorable climate, many wealthy people Tsarist Russia wanted to get land here.Nobles, members of the royal family, industrialists considered it an honor to found a family estate on the peninsula.In the 19th - early 20th century, there begins a rapid flowering of architecture.Industrial magnates, royal personages, the elite Russian built here the whole palaces break beautiful parks which have been preserved in the Crimea today.And after the nobility of the peninsula stretched artists, actors, singers, artists, theater-goers.Crimea becomes the cultural mecca of the Russian Empire.
Do not forget about the salubrious climate of the peninsula.Since doctors have proven that the air of the Crimea is extremely favorable for the treatment of tuberculosis, here the mass pilgrimage wishing to recover from this deadly disease.Crimea becomes attractive not only for the rest of the bohemian, but also for health tourism.
together with the whole country
In the early 20th century, the peninsula was developed together with the whole country.Not passed it, and the October Revolution and the subsequent civil war.That's from the Crimea (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) went past ships and vessels, on which Russia left the Russian intelligentsia.This is where there was a mass exodus of Whites.The country has created a new system, and the Crimea would not leave.
It was in the 20s of the last century occurred in the conversion of the Crimea-Union health resort.In 1919, the Bolsheviks take "Decree SNK on therapeutic areas of national importance."Crimea is inscribed in a red string.A year later signed another important document - the decree "On use of Crimea for the treatment of working people."
Until the war, the territory of the peninsula was used as a resort for consumptives.At Yalta in 1922 even offers a specialized Institute of Tuberculosis.Funding was at the proper level, and soon that SRI is becoming a major center of the country for lung surgery.
epochal Crimean Conference
During the Great Patriotic War, the peninsula was the scene of massive military operations.It fought on land and in the sea, in the air and in the mountains.Two cities - Sevastopol and Kerch - were awarded the title Hero City for a significant contribution to the victory over fascism.
However, not all the peoples inhabiting the multinational Crimea, fought alongside the Soviet Army.Some representatives of the Crimean Tatars openly supported the invaders.That is why in 1944 Stalin issued a decree on the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people outside the Crimea.Hundreds of trains in a day have taken a whole nation in Central Asia.
Crimea entered the history of the world due to the fact that in February 1945 at the Livadia Palace in Yalta Conference was held.Leaders of the three superpowers - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) and Churchill (UK) - have signed in Crimea important international documents on which the world order has been defined for many post-war decades.
Crimea - Ukrainian
In 1954 comes a new milestone.The Soviet leadership decides to refer to the Ukrainian SSR Crimea.The history of the peninsula begins to develop a new scenario.The initiative came personally from the then head of the Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev.
This was done to round date: in the same year the country celebrated the 300th anniversary of the Pereiaslav Rada.To commemorate this historic date, and to demonstrate that the Russian and Ukrainian peoples united, Crimea was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.And now it came to be regarded as a whole and a part of the whole pair of "Ukraine - Crimea."The history of the peninsula nichinaet described in contemporary chronicles from scratch.
Was it a decision economically justified, was it worth while to go to such a move - at the time such questions do not arise.As the Soviet Union was one, no one attaches particular importance to whether the Crimea in the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR.
autonomy within Ukraine
When formed an independent Ukrainian state, the Crimea has received the status of autonomy.In September 1991, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic.A December 1, 1991 held a referendum in which 54% of the Crimean population supported the independence of Ukraine.In May next year, adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, and in February 1994 Crimeans have chosen the first President of the Republic of Crimea.They became Yuri Meshkov.
It was in the years of perestroika began to appear more and more often disputes that Khrushchev gave Crimea to Ukraine illegally.Pro-Russian sentiment in the peninsula were very strong.Therefore, as soon as an opportunity, Crimea returned to Russia.
fateful March 2014 th
While in Ukraine in late 2013 - early 2014 began to grow large-scale government crisis in the Crimea, more and more voices that need to return the peninsula Russia.On the night of 26 of February 27, unknown people over the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea Russian flag was hoisted.
Supreme Council of Crimea and Sevastopol city council adopt a declaration of independence of Crimea.At the same time it voiced the idea to hold Crimean referendum.Initially, it was scheduled for March 31, but then suffered two weeks earlier - on March 16.The results of the Crimean referendum have been impressive: in the Crimea to Russia voted 96.6% of voters.The overall level of support for the decision of the Crimean peninsula population was 81.3%.
Modern History of Crimea continues to take shape before our eyes.Not all countries have recognized the status of Crimea.But Crimeans live with faith in a brighter future.
