Many people do not realize that the world is now more than one Republic of China, and two, only one of them has the prefix "popular".But that is not all.In the twentieth century a short time there was another Republic of China, but this time the "Soviet".Try to figure out which one of them who is.
China
This powerful state in the world is widely known under the more common name of "China".It was formed 01.10.1949 The capital of this country is in Beijing.PRC (China) is a socialist state.Today, it is chaired by Xi Jinping.Law of the country the Communist Party of China.This country is a permanent member of the UN Security Council.And with each passing day its weight in world politics and the economy is growing rapidly.
Government of the People's Republic of China has always cared about his country's defense capability.Today, China is the owner of the biggest army in the world.However, it possesses a large arsenal of nuclear weapons.China's major cities are Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin.Despite the fact that this country is home to a huge number of people who speak different dialects, the official language they have one - the Chinese.
Geographical location and general information on China
People's Republic of China is located in East Asia.Its coordinates are: 32 ° 48'00 "north latitude and 103 ° 05'00" east longitude.This state is ranked 3rd in the world in its area.It covers an area of almost 9.6 million square meters.km.But in terms of population with China, no one can compete.Estimated in 2013 in the country were living 1,366,500,000 people.
China is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean (East China, Yellow, South China).His neighbors are Russia, North Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos.Coast of China begins from the border with North Korea and stretches to Vietnam.It has a length of 14.5 thousand. Km.All times are China's eight matches.Telephone country code 86.
Economy PRC
People's Republic is one of the leaders of the world economy.So, at the end of 2013 its GDP was 7,318,000,000,000,000 US dollars, based on a population of 6569 dollars. Gross domestic product in purchasing power parity (PPP) amounted to 12 383 trillion US dollars.In per capita terms, it amounts to $ 9828. In December 2014 China's economy has become the first in the world on this indicator.
in the People's Republic national currency is the yuan (CNY).It corresponds to a digital code of the country of origin 156. The economy of the People's Republic of China diversified.At the same time China is a recognized world leader in the production of many industrial products such as automobiles and appliances.It exports almost all countries a huge amount of consumer goods, so it is often called the "world's factory".China - the largest holder of foreign exchange reserves.
China Population
Human Development Index (HDI) in 2014, China ranked 91 th among countries.He was 0.719, which is a very good result.Demonym (the name of the inhabitants of a particular area) sounds like "Chinese", "Chinese", "Chinese".
in China there are tens of different nations (56 officially recognized).They differ in their customs, traditions, costumes, cuisine.Many of them have their own language.All these small people in total account for only 7% of the population of that state.The majority of residents in China - the Chinese, who call themselves "Han."
Despite the fact that since 1979, the country maintained tight control over the birth rate, the annual natural increase of population continues to grow steadily.The life expectancy of the Chinese people is 71 year.In recent years, the proportion of urban and rural residents are almost equal, which indicates the rapid urbanization of the country.The population of the People's Republic professes following main religions - Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism.
General History of the PRC
China - one of the oldest countries in the world.Some scientists believe that the civilization that State has about 5000 years.Available written sources show that in China already 3.5 thousand years ago there were administrative entities with developed control system.Each dynasty rulers alternating with working on its improvement.The economy of this country has always been based on the development of agriculture.
big role in strengthening of Chinese civilization played by the introduction of Confucianism as the state ideology and unified writing system.It happened in the II-I century BC.For hundreds of years, various kingdoms and provinces, who were in the territory, the combined, then disintegrated.At the same time local people suffered from the constant attacks of nomads.To protect against them was built the Great Wall.For millennia, this mighty civilization developed, fighting, assimilated with the surrounding Asian nations.Today's China is a result of centuries-old political and cultural processes.
For millennia, this state was ruled by emperors of different dynasties.The Republic of China, called Zhonghua mingo, lasted from 1911 to 1949
12.02.1912, the last emperor, Pu Yi, signed the abdication of the throne.In this state, de jure introduced a republican form of government, but in fact, between 1911 and 1949 continued during the "Time of Troubles."At the same time, China broke up into various state entities arising under the provincial army units.Only in 1949, the army of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was the winner in the civil war going on in its territory.This greatly contributed to the support of the Soviet Union.CCP won the Conservative Party of the Republic of China, called the Kuomintang.Rulers last fled to Taiwan.There, they became the founders of the state as the Republic of China.
proclamation of the Republic
in September 1949 at the territory of modern China joined the People's Consultative Council of China.It was he who proclaimed the formation of the People's Republic.At this time he was elected the Central People's Government Council (CPPCC), which became chairman Mao Zedong.In 1954 China adopted the Constitution, renamed in TSNPS Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
In the period from 1949 to 1956, the Soviet Union to render all assistance to the State in the establishment of basic industries.On the territory of the republic it was nationalized and the collectivization.Tremendous pace began to develop socialist construction.In 1956, the country was proclaimed a new course of development that became incarnate in life the ideas of Mao Zedong with regard to the policy of "communization" and "great leap forward".From 1966 to 1976, China was proclaimed "cultural revolution", which led to the strengthening of the class struggle.Marching on the "special" path of development, the state and society denied the commodity-money relations, the prohibition of non-state ownership, frozen foreign economic relations and to hold public trials.
Start «economic miracle»
came to power, Deng Xiaoping denounced the policies of his predecessor, and in 1977 launched a new campaign, called "Beijing Spring."In 1978, at the plenum of the CPC was proclaimed the policy of the socialist market economy.She had specific features.She was supposed to combine the planning and distribution system and a market with a significant attraction of foreign investments.Chinese enterprises have gained more autonomy in their economic activities.Was significantly reduced public sector in the economy, are open free economic zones.Great attention was paid to overcoming poverty, as well as scientific and technical progress.
By the end of 80-ies of XX century, the population of the People's Republic was fully provided meals.Every year the GDP and industrial production increased steadily.Deng Xiaoping's reforms have successfully put into practice and follow his receivers:
- 1993 - Jiang Zemin;
- 2002 - Hu Jintao;
- since 2012 - Xi Jinping.
The political system of China
ever recorded in the country was made 4 of the Constitution (1954, 1975, 1978, 1982.).According to the last of them, China is a socialist state of the people's democratic dictatorship.Its supreme authority is the unicameral National People's Congress (National People's Congress).It consists of a large number of MPs (2979), who are elected for five years, regional elections.National People's Congress meets annually.To participate in the elections allowed only members of the CPC and the eight "democratic" parties, which are part of the CPPCC (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference).The highest executive body - The State Council, or (as it is often called), the Central People's Government.It consists of: Prime Minister and his deputies, ministers, the Auditor General, the ordinary members, the executive secretary.The highest court - the Supreme People's Court.A huge role in the development of the country played by local authorities - People's Congress and the executive and administrative (people's) government.
Today own legislative bodies are in special administrative regions - namely, Hong Kong and Macao.The head of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, not stop friendly relations with the successor of the USSR - the Russian Federation.Every year the friendship between the two countries and mutual cooperation is gaining momentum.Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Russian Federation attaches great importance to further strengthening relations between our countries.
Administrative division
Since China - huge in size and population of the state, it has a very complex administrative structure.China exercises control over 22 provinces, the government said 23 minutes adminedinitsey Taiwan.The structure of this state also includes 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities (cities under the central government), 2 special territorial units.All together, they are called "Mainland China."Individual administrative units are: Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan.
In fact, in China there are levels of local government:
- provincial (23 provinces, 4 cities under the central government, 5 and 2 special autonomous district);
- District (15 prefectures and 3 aimag, 286 urban and 30 autonomous regions);
- county (counties 1455 ordinary, 370 - the city, 117 - autonomous; 857 ordinary and special district 4; 49 simple and autonomous khoshuns 3);
- parish (13,587 ordinary and 1,085 ethnic townships, 19,683 township, 106 ordinary and 1 National Somoni District 2 county subordination and 7194 street committee);
- rural (urban neighborhoods, communities, villages).
Hong Kong is one of the financial centers of the world.In this special administrative region of China, which passed under its jurisdiction in 1997, is home to more than 7 million people.Macau - an autonomous territory (a former colony of Portugal), where more than 0.5 million people.
Republic of China must now deal with the State on the territory.Who is the Republic of China?But it is nothing like Taiwan, which the Chinese government considers the 23rd province of the country.This island in the Pacific Ocean located 150 kilometers from the east coast of mainland China.Between them is the Taiwan Strait.The island is 36 sq. M.km.
independence of this state was proclaimed 10.10.1911 city, but still it has a partial diplomatic recognition.The official language of Taiwan - Chinese.Its capital - Taipei.This republic is a democracy with a semi-state system and universal suffrage.Today, Taiwan is one of the most developed states of the region.It is part of the so-called "four Asian tigers."President of the semi-presidential system is Ma Ying-jeou.
Flag of the Republic of China is a red flag, symbolizing the Earth, with a blue rectangle in the upper left corner, which is a heaven.It shows a white sun.Flag of the Republic of China first appeared in 1928 in the Kuomintang.
In Taiwan, home to about 23.3 million people.At the same GDP per capita in 2013 amounted to 39,767 US dollars, 11 times more than this figure in China.Taiwan's technology industry plays an important role in the global economy.And its value with each year is increasing.The economy of the Republic of China successfully developed over the past decades through the use of the latest technology and excellent education of the population.The currency of this country - Taiwan Dollar.
Education Republic of China for decades developed so that it always takes into account the changing demands of the growing economy.To date, the period of compulsory basic education is 9 years.In recent years, the Taiwan authorities want to extend this to 12 years.The entire educational system is largely biased towards the study of technical sciences.As a result of training graduates have one of the highest levels of training in math and science.
Chinese Soviet Republic
about the era of socialism, communism, many have long forgotten.Few people know that there was such a state, as the Chinese Soviet Republic.It lasted very long.This small state was created in 1931 under the leadership of the Communist Party in the South Central China (Jiangxi).In 1937 it was transformed into a special district.
Chinese Soviet Republic had its own flag, the Provisional Government, the Constitution, laws, banknotes and other state attributes.The Council of People's Commissars of the republic was headed by none other than Mao Zedong, who many years later became the head of the People's Republic of China.Military support this country has become Central Army Group.It consisted of the troops of Mao Zedong and Zhu De.In 1931-1932 gg.there was a reorganization of the Red Army.
main geographical feature of the Chinese Soviet Republic were: mining position, remoteness, lack of communication, which contributed to its protection against external enemies.It is inhabited by about 5 million people.
