Many leading philosophers and historians were looking for an explanation of original development of individual regions, countries, cultures, and humanity as a whole.These issues were interested scholars such as Oswald Spengler, in Schubart, H. Danilevky, F. Northrop, and others.The most representative and interesting theory of civilizational cultures are the work of Arnold Toynbee.His theory of local civilizations is widely recognized masterpiece macrosociology.
his study he founded on the assertion that the real object of study should be societies which have a far greater extent in space and shelf life than ordinary nation-states.Such a society - local civilization.
Is civilization crops has more than 20. These include the Western Orthodox Russian, Orthodox Byzantine, ancient, Indian, Arabic, Sumerian, Chinese, Egyptian, Andean, Mexican, Hittite and other civilizations.Toynbee also focuses on five "stillborn" and the four civilizations that settled in development - momadicheskaya, Eskimo, Spartan and Ottoman.I wonder why some cultures are developing dynamically, while others stop in the development of the early stages of its existence.
origin of civilizations can not be explained by the influence of individual factors such as the geographical environment, the racial criterion, aggression or favorable conditions and the presence in society of the creative minority.The theory of local civilizations argues that the only group where there are many of these factors combine to evolve in civilizational culture.Communities where these conditions are not available, stay on the dotsivilizatsionnom level.For example, a fair for an enabling environment will always throw a challenge to the society by creating problems that need to comprehend and deal with creativity.Such a society lives by the principle of challenge-response and is always in motion, because I do not know the rest.Therefore, it is time to create a culture of civilization.
local civilizations theory says that human history is seen as a common history of local cultures civilization that goes from the birth of - the dawn - the decline - the disappearance.Each of them unique.Signs of civilization - is a creative core around which the original form of the spiritual life as well as economic, social and political organizations.
One local civilization culture can generate more.For example, ancient Greece led to the emergence of Western, Russian Orthodox and modern Orthodox Greek cultures.If civilization is losing its cultural and creative core, this leads to her death.Culture is viable as long as can adequately respond to external challenges that threaten its existence.
theory of local civilizations Toynbee calls to abandon the "zapadnotsentristskih" cease to consider the views and culture, which are incomprehensible to Western society and do not fit into his worldview, "backward" and "barbaric."
