first revolution of 1905-1907.It took place due to a number of factors that are manifested in various spheres of Russian society at the time.The revolutionary situation was not instantaneous, and gradually escalate due to unresolved problems accumulate since the mid-19th century.In the early twentieth century, capitalism has moved to a higher stage of its development - imperialism, which was accompanied by the aggravation of all the contradictions in society, both domestically and internationally.
working day lasted fourteen hours!
reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907.lie in the fact that the country, in different layers of the population, a large number of people dissatisfied with their lives.It is worth noting powerless position in the first place the working class, which has become the driving force in 1917.In the early twentieth century, the number of representatives of the proletariat in Russia has reached fourteen million people (including skilled workers - about ten percent).And these fourteen million industrialists were forced to work 14 hours a day (if formally established since 1897 in the 11-hour day and a half hours).
Link without investigation and trial
first Russian revolution (1905-1907) has been made possible also because at the same time the working class has been severely limited in their rights to protect their own interests.In the Russian Empire there were secret orders at the Ministry of Interior, which allows you to reference the representatives of the proletariat without investigation and trial for taking part in protests.For the same actions could go to prison for a term of 60 to 240 days.
They worked for a pittance
Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.It was made possible because of the brutal exploitation of the working class owned enterprises.For example, in the processing of minerals from each ruble of profit getting any work less than a third (32 cop.) And in metal processing and food industry, and even less - 22 and 4 cents respectively.At the "social" in the time we spent even less - 0.6% of the costs of entrepreneurs.In part, this may have been due to the fact that the industry of the country for more than half belonged to foreign investors.As the analysis of the securities at the time (the stock of railways, enterprises, banks), many of them have addresses spread in the US and Europe, as well as inscriptions not only in Russian but also in English, German and French.The revolution of 1905-1907, the objectives of which, at first glance, do not reveal obvious foreign influence, based on the fact that there was not enough industrialists and representatives of the ruling elite, who would be interested in the growth of the welfare of the Russian people.
«The popularity of" Russian investment then was caused partly by the fact that during the monetary reform in 1897 the ruble of the Russian Empire was linked to gold.The country went to the flow of foreign money that "the other side" had the withdrawal of funds in the form of interest in gold.Thus, in the years 1887-1913 in the Russian Empire was invested in Western countries, almost 1,800 million rubles in gold, and excreted in income of about 2.3 billion rubles and gold.
bread consumed nearly three times less than over the ocean
Revolution in Russia (1905-1907) was based on the fact that the standard of living was much lower than in European countries.For example, the subjects of the Russian Empire at the time of bread consumed about 3.45 quintal per year per capita in the United States, the figure was close to a ton in Denmark - about 900 quintals in France - more than half a ton, Germany - 4.32 quintals.This is our country going to high yields of grain, much of which is exported, which created the preconditions for the receipt of funds to the Treasury, on the one hand, and "malnutrition" of the people - the other.
life in the countryside before the Russian revolution began (1905-1907), was also severe.At that time, the peasants had to pay substantial taxes and excise duties, the area of peasant holdings had a downward trend, many worked in the areas leased, giving half the harvest or a large part of the revenue.The landlords, on the contrary, enlarged their holdings (per landowner farmstead had 300 peasant households on the area) and over-exploited farmers dependent on them.In contrast to the workers, the peasants, the share of which amounted to 70% of the population of the Russian Empire, at least took part in the historical process, called "Revolution of 1905-1907", the reasons for which results were not very encouraging farmers.Moreover, even on the eve of the 1917 revolution, many tillers were monarchists and believed in the "good king-priest."
King did not want to change
Revolution in Russia (1905-1907) largely due to the policies pursued by Nicholas II, who decided to choose the path of his father, Alexander III, and further strengthen autocracy, instead of trying to liberalize the Russian society asI wanted to make his grandfather, Alexander II.The latter, however, was killed in the day when he would announce the first semblance of the Russian constitution.During the period of his accession to the throne at the age of 26, Nicholas II pointed out that democratic changes are meaningless ideas, so the king is not going to consider these opinions that have already formed in a certain part of the educated society of the time, it did not add popularity of the monarch.
unsuccessful military campaign of Nicholas II
not added it, and the Russian-Japanese War, which took place in 1904-1905.She untied Japan, but many in the Russian Empire also craved some military campaign to strengthen the credibility of the authorities.The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) began during the war (revolutionary action took place for the first time in January 1905, while the war ended in August of that year), which were, by and large, failed.Russia has not strengthened the fortress, it was poorly organized supply of the army and navy, pointless killed soldiers and officers, and the surrender of the fortress of Port Arthur, Mukden and Tsushima events have affected more than a negative impact on the image of the autocrat and his entourage.
periodization Revolution
historians know the steps of the revolution of 1905-1907:
- first - in January-March 1905.
- second, which lasted from April to August 1905.
- third, which lasted from autumn 1905 to March 1906
At the first stage the main events unfolded after the "Bloody Sunday", when about one hundred and forty thousand proletarians came with religious symbols and petition for the needs of the working class to the Winter Palace, where partof them were shot by government troops and Cossacks.In addition to the economic requirements, the petition also included proposals to establish a national office in the form of the Constituent Assembly, to introduce freedom of speech, of religion, equality before the law, the reduction of working hours, the separation of church and state, public education, and others.
bourgeoisie supported the constituent assembly
chaired the working masses priest George Gapon, who led a few years earlier the police institution "Assembly workers of St. Petersburg", which was intended to weaken the influence of the revolutionary ideas of the proletariat.He also has made a petition.Nicholas II during the march in the capital was not.At the first stage in the people's unrest was attended by about 810 000 people, the workers supported the students, district council officers.The revolution of 1905-1907, whose goals were different for different groups of the population, first attracted to its ranks of medium and large bourgeoisie who supported the idea of a constituent assembly.The king, in response to perturbations written order for the Minister of the Interior Alexander Bulygin with the requirement to prepare a draft zakonosoveschatelnogo body (Duma).
development of the revolutionary process: the second stage
How to further develop the revolution of 1905-1907?Briefly describe the second stage can be as follows: April-August 1905 strike involved about 0.7 million people, including those from 12 May to 26 July, the strike lasted for working textile industry (Ivanovo-Voznesensky).At the same time in every fifth district of the European part of the Russian Empire, there were peasant uprisings.Under the pressure of these events, authorities in August 1905 issued a document on the election of the Duma, but with a very small number of voters.Elections in this body were boycotted by all segments of the protest movement, so I think has not been established.
What results at this stage brought the revolution of 1905-1907?The goals that the peasantry pursued during all the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century, was partly achieved in August 1905, when the farmers were able to obtain access to public lands.But by purchasing them through the so-called Peasant Bank that few could afford.
third period brought a civil liberties
third stage, which took place in the Russian Revolution (1905-1907), was the longest.It began in September 1905 and ended in March 1906.Here, the most significant event was the All-Russian political strike, which was attended by about two million people across the country.The requirements were the same - the eight-hour day, the convening of the Constituent Assembly, democratic freedoms.Government structures assumed by armed force to suppress the speech (the order of General Trepov "spare no bullets and shoot blanks to disperse the crowd"), but on October 17 the same year, Nicholas II issued a decree which gave considerable civil liberties.It included freedom of association, assembly, speech, security of person.After the adoption of the decree began to emerge unions, councils of workers' deputies, were based unions "Russian people" and "October 17", started agrarian reform Stolypin.
main events of the Revolution (1905-1907) include two convocation of the State Duma.They were trying to transform the political system in Russia because of the autocratic monarchy to parliamentary.The first Duma worked from April 1906 to July of the same year and was abolished by the emperor as actively fought against the current government, differed initiating radical laws (SRs proposed to nationalize natural resources and the abolition of private ownership of land and others.).
Duma did not come up
Events Revolution (1905-1907) in terms of the work of legislative bodies are not very successful.Thus, the Second State Duma, has worked in 1907, from February to June, submitted a set of proposals to address the agrarian question from different parties, considered the food question, the provisions on the abolition of military courts and military conscription, and opposed the "illegal actions" of the police thancool "angered" the current government.As part of the Second Duma was about 500 deputies, of which 38% had a higher education, home schooling - 8 per cent, secondary education - about 20%, the lowest - 32 percent.Illiteracy in the Duma was one percent, which is not surprising, since almost 170 deputies were the descendants of illiterate peasants.But there were in the Duma and director of the plant - 6 people, lawyers - about thirty, and even a poet.
why the revolution ended in 1907?
Together with the dissolution of the Second State Duma ended Revolution 1905-1907.Briefly the activities of the body can be described as insufficiently productive, because I think over again struggled with other authorities.In total it took 20 acts, of which only three have received the force of law, including two projects of assistance to people affected by crop failure.
Results of the first Russian revolution
What brought residents of the Russian Empire, the revolution of 1905-1907?The objectives of the majority of protesters classes of society during this historic event have not been met, so it is believed that the revolutionary process has failed.Specific results in the form of the establishment of the legislative body that represents a number of classes, of some civil liberties, of course, they were.But the state system has not undergone any changes, the land issue has not been completely resolved, the working conditions of the working class remained harsh, so were the preconditions for the further development of the revolutionary process.
Results revolution included the formation of three major "camps" of political parties (government, the liberal-bourgeois and democratic), who still perform at the Russian political arena in 1917.
