Natural gas: the formula.

Today we know a wide variety of gases.Some of these people receiving laboratory methods of chemicals which themselves are formed by a similar reactions as by-products.And what gases are produced in nature?The main such gases natural, of natural origin are four:

• natural gas, whose formula CH4;
• nitrogen, N2;
• hydrogen, H2;
• carbon dioxide, CO2.

course, there are some other - oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, inert gases, carbon monoxide.However, the above are practically important for people and used them for various purposes, including as a fuel.

What is natural gas?

called a Natural gas, which nature gives us.That is, the content in the earth's interior is much higher and more than the amount that is prepared in industry by chemical reactions.

commonly known as natural gas, methane, but it is not so.If you look at the composition of the gas fractions, we can see his next component composition:

• methane (96%);
• ethane;
• propane;
• butane;
• hydrogen;
• carbon dioxide;
• nitrogen;
• hydrogen sulfide (small, trace amounts).

Thus, it appears that natural gas - a mixture of several gases of natural origin.

Natural gas: formula

From a chemical point of view, natural gas is a mixture of linear hydrocarbons simple structure - methane, ethane, propane and butane.But as a larger volume of all the methane, it is customary to the general formula of natural gas directly to express the formula of methane.So, it turns out that the chemical formula of natural gas methane CH4.

The other components are the following empirical formula in chemistry:

• ethane - C2H6;
• Propane - C3H8;
• butane - C4H10;
• carbon dioxide - CO2;
• nitrogen - N2;
• Hydrogen - H2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H2S.

mixture of substances and is a natural gas.Formula methane its basic compound indicates that the carbon content therein is very small.This affects its physical properties, such as the ability to burn a colorless, completely smoke point.While other members of his homologous series (a series of saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes) during combustion to form a black smoky flame.

Being in nature

In nature, this gas is found deep under the ground, under the thick and dense layers of sedimentary rock.There are two main theories of the origin of natural gas in nature.

1. theory of tectonic movements rocks.Proponents of this theory believe that the hydrocarbons contained in the bowels of the earth, and always rise as a result of tectonic movements and cuts upwards.At the top of the high pressure and temperature changes make them as a result of chemical reactions in the two natural minerals - oil and gas.
2. biogenic theory suggests another method, which was formed as a result of natural gas.The formula reflects the quality of its composition - carbon and hydrogen, which suggests that its formation was attended by living organic beings whose bodies were mostly built out of these elements, like all living things on the planet that exists to this day.Over time, the remains of dead plants and animals sank below the ocean floor, where there was neither oxygen nor bacteria can decompose and recycle the organic matter.As a result, there was a disintegration of anaerobic oxidation of biomass, and over millions of years, formed two sources of minerals - oil and gas.At the same time the foundation of both is the same - it is part of hydrocarbons and low molecular weight substances.The chemical formula of the gas and oil proves it.However, when exposed to different conditions and different products are formed: high pressure and temperature - gas, low - oil.

Today, the main fields and gas reserves have countries such as Russia, the United States, Canada, Iran, Norway and the Netherlands.

In its aggregation of natural gas may not always be contained only in the state of gas.There are several options for condensation:

1. gas dissolved in the oil molecules.
2. gas dissolved in the water molecules.
3. Gas forms solid hydrates.
4. Under normal circumstances - gaseous compound.

Each of these states has its own field and is very valuable to the person.

obtained in the laboratory and industry

addition to natural sites of gas production, there are a number of ways to get it to the lab.However, these methods, of course, are only used for small batches of product, as a cost of natural gas to synthesize in the laboratory is not profitable.

Laboratory methods:

1. Hydrolysis of low molecular weight compounds - aluminum carbide: AL4C3 + 12H2O = 3CH4 + 4AL (OH) 3.
2. sodium acetate in the presence of alkali: NaOH = CH3COOH + CH4 + Na2CO3.
3. from syngas: CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O.
4. from elements - hydrogen and carbon - at elevated temperature and pressure.

chemical formula of natural gas recognized by the formula of methane, so all the reactions characteristic of alkanes, are also characteristic of this gas.

The mining industry methane obtained from natural deposits and further processing of fractions.Also, be sure the product gas needs to be cleaned.Because natural gas methane formula shows only a part of the components that it contains.For household use needs clean gas containing no substances other than methane.Detachable ethane, propane, butane and other gases also are widely used.

physical properties

Formula gas gives an idea of ​​what physical properties it should possess.Consider what kind of characteristics.

1. colorless solid, odorless.
2. Approximate density varies between 0.7-1 kg / m3.
3. combustion temperature 6500c.
4. almost two times lighter than air.
5. heat generated by the combustion of one cubic meter of gas, equal to 46 million Joules.
6. In high concentrations (over 15%) in the air gas is very explosive.
7. When used as a fuel takes the octane number equal to 130.

pure gas is obtained only after passing it through a special sewage treatment plant (installation), which are erected on the site of fossil.

Application

There are several major areas of application of natural gas.After all, in addition to its main component, the formula CH4 gas is used, and all other components of the mixture.

1. Consumer sphere of life.This includes gas for cooking, heating of residential buildings, fuel for boiler and so on.The gas which is used for cooking, add special substances belonging to the group of mercaptans.This is done to ensure that in the event of leakage pipe or other omissions gas people might smell it and take action.Domestic gas mixture (which is a mixture of propane and butane) is extremely explosive in higher concentrations.Mercaptans also make specific and unpleasant odor of natural gas.The formula comprises of elements such as sulfur and phosphorus, which gives them a specific character.

2. Chemical production.In this area, one of the main starting materials for many reactions produce important compounds is natural gas, the formula which shows in which synthesis he can take part:

• basis for the production of plastics, which are the most common modern material for practically all areas of industry;
• raw material in the synthesis of ethynyl, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia.Sami products listed hereinafter are on the production of many synthetic fibers and fabrics, fertilizers and insulation in construction;
• rubber, methanol, organic acids - are formed from methane and other substances.Are used in virtually all areas of human life;
• polyethylene and many other compounds synthetic nature got it thanks to methane.

3. Use as a fuel.And for any kind of human activity, ranging from filling the appropriate type of desk lamps, and to thermal power plants.This type of fuel is considered to be environmentally correct and appropriate to the background of all alternative methods.However, during the combustion of methane to form carbon dioxide as any other organic material.He is known to be the cause of the Earth's greenhouse effect.Therefore, the people is the task of finding an even more pure and high-quality source of thermal energy.

long as it's main sources that use natural gas.Formula him, if we take all the complex components, shows that it is almost a renewable resource, the only time you need to do very much.Our country with reserves of gas are extremely lucky because the amount of such natural resources will last for many hundreds of years not only Russia itself, but also in many countries of the world through Export.

Nitrogen is a component of natural gas and oil deposits.Furthermore, this gas occupies most of the volume in air (78%) and occurs in the form of natural compounds in the lithosphere nitrate.

As simple substance is almost never used by living organisms nitrogen.The formula has the form of its N2, or, in terms of chemical bonds, N≡N.The presence of such a strong link indicates a high stability and chemical inertness of the molecule under normal conditions.This is what explains the possibility of the existence of large amounts of gas in the free state in the atmosphere.

in the form of a simple substance is capable of nitrogen fixed by special organisms - rhizobia.They are then processed into a form suitable for the plants, and this gas is thus carried mineral nutrition of plant root systems.

There are several major compounds in which there is a nitrogen in nature.The formula of the following:

• oxides - NO2, N2O, N2O5;
• acid - HNO2 nitrous and nitric HNO3 (formed by lightning discharges from oxides in air);
• saltpeter - KNO3, NaNO3, and so on.

Man nitrogen is used not only as a gas, but in the liquid state.He has the ability to become liquid at temperatures below -1700S, it can be used for freezing plant and animal tissues, many materials.It is therefore widely used liquid nitrogen is in medicine.

Also, nitrogen is the basis for one of its main compounds - ammonia.Production tonnage of the substance, as it is widely used in household and industry (preparation rubbers, dyes, plastics, synthetic fibers, organic acids, paint production, explosives and so on).

Carbon dioxide

What is the formula of substance?Carbon dioxide is written as CO2.Covalent bond in a molecule weakly polar, strong chemical double strength between carbon and oxygen.This indicates the stability and inertness of molecules under normal conditions.This fact is confirmed by the existence of free carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere.

This substance is a component of natural gas and oil, and accumulate in the upper atmosphere of the planet, causing the so-called greenhouse effect.

huge amount of carbon dioxide formed by the combustion of fossil fuels of any kind.Whether coal, wood, gas or other fuel leads to complete combustion of the formation water and the substance.

It turns out that the accumulation in the atmosphere is inevitable.Therefore, an important task of modern society is the search for an alternative, giving a minimum of greenhouse fuel.

Hydrogen

Another climb a compound occurring in the composition of natural minerals - is hydrogen.Gas formula is - H2.The easiest of all known matter today.

Due to its special properties in the periodic table takes two positions - among alkali metals and halogens.With one electron is able to give it as a (metallic properties, recovery) and receive (non-metallic properties, oxidation).

main area of ​​use - it is an environmentally friendly fuel, for which the researchers see the future.Reasons:

• unlimited amount of gas reserves;
• education as a result of burning is only water.

However, complete technology development of hydrogen as an energy source requires modification of many more nuances.

formula for calculating the mass, density and volume of gases

In physics and chemistry apply a few basic ways to settle gases.For example, if we are talking about one of the most basic parameters, such as the mass of the gas formula for calculation is as follows:

m = V * þ, where þ - is the density of matter, and V - its volume.

For example, if we need to calculate the mass of natural gas volume of 1 cubic meter under normal conditions, we take the average value of its standard density reference material.It will be equal to 0.68 kg / m3.Now that we know the volume and density of the gas, the formula for the calculation of fully meets the requirements.Then:

m (CH4) = 0,68 kg / m3 * 1 m3 = 0,68 kg as cubic meters reduced.

Formula gas volume, in contrast, consists of the mass and density indicators.That is, we can express the value of the above configuration:

V = m / þ, then under standard conditions the volume of 2 kg of methane is equal to 2 / 0.68 = 2,914 m3.

also in more complex cases (when the conditions are non-standard) for the calculation of the mass and volume of gases using Equation Mendeleev-Clapeyron, which has the form:

p * V = m / M * R * T, where p - gas pressure, V -its volume, m and M - mass and molar mass, respectively, R - universal gas constant equal to 8.314, T - temperature in Kelvin.

This formula produces gas volume calculations are very close to the value of the ideal gas, which exists purely hypothetical and is used to abstract concepts in solving problems in physics and chemistry.It is also possible to calculate the volume of Boyle's equation, which has the form:

V = Vr * pH * T / p * Tn, where the values ​​of the index n - is the value at normal standard conditions.

to the calculation was the most accurate and consistent with reality, it is necessary to take into account this parameter, the density of the gas.The formula for calculating this parameter is still a moot point.Adopted by use of the usual plain, which has the form:

þ = m0 * n, where m0 - molecular mass (kg) and n - concentration unit - 1 / m3.

However, in some cases it is necessary to use other, more complex and complete calculations with multiple variables for accurate and closer to the ideal result.