legislation that exists today in the Russian Federation in the framework of the Federal Law № 402 "On Accounting" dated December 6, 2011 provides for the implementation of the accounting records of business transactions, assets and liabilities are strictly in rubles.Tax records, or rather its management, is also produced in a specified currency.But some of the proceeds are not carried out in rubles.Foreign currencies, in accordance with the law, you must convert.Later in the article we consider such a thing as "exchange differences".What are these assets?In some cases, they appear and how are reflected in the documentation?
General
Within the framework of the law noted that monetary transactions on the accounts of the organization are conducted in rubles translated at the exchange rate set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of direct transmission operation.Legally envisaged a situation where recalculate permitted on a different date other than the date of calculation of the commission.In the case of fluctuations (changes) in exchange rates relative to the date of revaluation resulting exchange differences.It is the reflection of the operation gives rise to additional income or expense.The exchange rate difference arises in the evaluation of the same asset (claims, liabilities) denominated in a foreign country at different times, except for the situation at constant exchange rates.
accounting and tax balance
Accounting for exchange rate differences occur in the tax and accounting.However, they are reflected in the documentation has some differences.Tax Accounting course and provides for a sum differences.Accounting documents reflect only the views of one.They are provided solely foreign exchange differences.At the same time the basic essence of the concept is also different for the accounting and tax balance.Accordingly, the calculation for each of the types used his.Not the least factor in the emergence of exchange rate differences in the tax records, is an option calculation of the tax base.The taxpayer, according to the law, the right to use the cash method or accrual method.
Accounting
Exchange differences appear as a result of operations or accounts receivable denominated in foreign currency.In such cases, should comply with certain conditions.Currency exchange rate at the date of execution is different from that at the time of commitment to the accounting reporting period, or on the index at the reporting date, which accounts for the last recalculation.
It also occurs in other cases.For example, conversion operations:
- value of currency in the cash of the organization;
- assets in bank accounts;
- cash, payment instruments;
- securities.
As exchange differences are recognized?
postings of assets carried out in accordance with certain requirements.It should be noted that the reflection of the documentation is specific.Thus, the account of exchange rate differences in the accounting transactions recorded separately from other types of expenditure and revenue.At the same time, except settlement of capital contribution, the assets in question are subject to mandatory enrollment in the economic and financial performance of the company.Then the map in accounting documents is fixed in the form of income (in the case of appreciation) or consumption (in the case of his fall).
contributions of the founders in the authorized capital
These revenues can be carried out not only in rubles.In those cases where, in accordance with the statutory contribution to the authorized capital of the founders is made in foreign currency, it is reflected in the accounting records on the account 80 ("capital").As these foreign exchange differences are recorded?Postings made in rubles at the exchange rate to be determined by the Central Bank at the time of registration of the legal entity.If a situation arises in which there is repayment of the owners, or the translation of foreign currency debt has arisen at the balance sheet date there are additional assets.They accounted for 83 m run ("Additional Capital").Also, there may be situations in which the conversion of the balance sheet date reveals the negative exchange rate differences.In this case, debit entries are practiced to reduce the share capital.At the same time, a debit balance is not permitted.Therefore, the founders of the organization recommended to set a fixed exchange rate in the period.Its allocation should be done once or twice during the reporting period.However, if the exchange rate differences still encountered in the process of the organization, it is advisable to reflect on these debit their accounts 91 ("Other income and expenses") or 84 ("Retained earnings or uncovered loss").To prevent such situations, the recommended procedure to make arrangements for foreign exchange losses arising in its share capital.
Reporting
Accounting includes exchange differences in the other income or as expenses.In generalizing the data by type of business transactions, assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency units, there should be a separate display of the asset.This gain or loss associated with the operations of purchase and sale of currency not to be accounted for in the total amount of exchange rate differences.There is a certain order, according to which the regulation is carried out assets.In particular:
- disclosed exchange differences resulting from the translation of debt formed in foreign units.In this case, it is necessary to observe the conditions of payment of money conversion.
- assets formed the result of conversion of debt in foreign currency.In this case, its payment must be made in rubles.
- Exchange rate differences carried through the balance of the organization.But the assets is not passed on those accounts, which takes into account the financial result of the enterprise.
- rate set by parties to the agreement at the reporting date (in some cases may be the official exchange rate against the ruble, the Central Bank which sets the reporting moment).
However, do not require separate recognition in the final report, containing data about income, assets arising from the translation of foreign currency debt.Generate income to foreign exchange differences (except for those that are displayed on the account of the additional capital account) are on the line 090 (form number 2) and are included in other income.Diverge parts (except those that are recognized by the bank account of additional capital), are on the line 100 (form number 2) and are included in other expenses.
tax preparer
exchange rate difference in the context of the organization's activities can generate revenue or expense.In contrast to the accounting documents, the purpose of which is to determine the financial result from the activity of a specific predpritiya, the main task is to define the tax reporting of the base, on the basis of which the calculation of tax payable to the budget.Exchange rate differences in this case are considered from the point of view of increase or decrease of the base.Assets increase the income of the organization, tax records are called positive.According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the proceeds required to be included in non-operating income.Exchange rate differences, increasing the expenses of the organization, in the tax records are called negative.According to the Tax Code, which was adopted and works in the Russian Federation, such assets are required to be included in non-operating expenses.
Practical activities of the organization
Under the exchange rate difference refers to any kind of revaluation of liabilities, claims, assets held in foreign currencies.Accordingly, the payment of it must also be made in the same currency.In cases where the payment obligations of the revaluation of the requirements of the property is made in rubles, which arises as a result of fluctuations in the difference referred to accrual.The taxpayer, who works on a cash basis in the normal course of business do not confronted with such assets.Exchange differences arise with this approach when revaluation values of the organization, expressed in the currency or the immediate revaluation of monetary units, are on hand business.
reflection in tax accounting
tax preparer takes into account the occurrence of exchange transactions not only on the last day of the reporting period.This happens each time they appear.View of sum of income, as opposed to the exchange rate, is only the direct debt repayment.In this case, the assets have no effect on the size of the tax base.This is due to the fact that they are not counted at the reporting date documentation.These conditions in the framework of existing tax laws now apply only to taxpayers, the basis for which it is the method of calculation to reflect its tax base.Subject to use in their work now any entrepreneur cash method during the activity does not arise of sum of assets.The emergence of exchange rate changes also due to the revaluation of currency values denominated in a currency balances that are in the accounts or the company.
Reflection Declaration
positive accrual (course) the difference in the tax documents are reflected in the line number 100 of Annex 1, Sheet 02 of the Declaration, in the structure of non-operating income.Accordingly, the assets accounted for negative non-operating expenses.They are on the line 200 from the number 2 of Annex 02 to the sheet of the Declaration.
Share capital in the tax documentation
Under the current tax legislation allowed the determination of the tax base used for calculating payments on profits, not to take into account the money the organization that received from the owners and aimed at increasing the share capital.Besides, it is not considered a profit arising from the taxpayer's failure to obtain the rights to property acquired in exchange placed at the disposal of their shares of the company (shares).In this regard, foreign exchange differences, aimed at changing the share capital, are not grounds for charging them with income tax.
Differences financial result and tax base
result of different definitions of the moments of occurrence of the considered exchange rate and sum of assets in the accounting and tax documentation is a discrepancy between the final financial results of the organization with its tax base used for calculating income tax.However, this discrepancy is not critical, because, in essence, is a non-permanent phenomenon and it enters into the category of temporary taxable (deductible) differences.Educated assets will necessarily be taken into account in the future, in the preparation of accounting records in the calculation of income tax organization.
Conclusions
activities recorded in the accounting records of educated assets is made in accordance with the procedure established by law.Exchange differences on all types of obligations, the cost of which is set in a foreign currency, but the payment of which is made in rubles, formed as a result of conversion on the date of repayment obligations or the last day of the reporting period.This is one of the differences from the tax account.As has been said above, it provides for the calculation of any assets only at the time of repayment obligations.This translation differences that arose in the accounting records as of the reporting date are not the basis for calculating income tax.
