When Russian Tsar Ivan the third main forces of the state were aimed at "gathering Russian lands" around Moscow, according to the release from the khans of the Horde.In the attached land required to establish procedures for their use, which resulted into the local land tenure system.According to her, the state land was transferred serviceman for temporary use or for life as a reward for service and source of income.Thus formed the Local troops.On the lands newly minted landlords to 1497 worked still relatively voluntary peasants, who could move from one "employer" to another seamlessly, making a charge for the use of housing and land plot, as well as giving all the debts.
Agriculture is not conducive to frequent movements
Was there until 1497 enslaving peasants?The stages of the agricultural cycle is actually not conducive to active farmers moving from one area to another.This is because the arrangement requires a new home, a new training area under crops, creation of a reserve supply for the first time.Therefore arbitrary peasants at that time differed conservatism and moved, in fact, not very often, but had that right.Tillers of the soil in the 15th century it was decided to divide into novoprihodtsev and starozhiltsev.The first of which could count on the benefits of their lord (to attract manpower in agriculture), and the second levied with taxes is not very large, since worked constantly, and they had a lot of interest.Farmers could work as part of the crop (ladles) or interest (pieces of silver).
become free could only almost winter
How does the enslavement of the peasants?The stages of this process stretched for several centuries.Everything changed with the adoption of Ivan the third set of laws - of Laws, which states that the move away from one host to another farmer could only after the farm work, during the St. George's Day and the week before or after the payment of "elderly."I must say that over the years the feast of St. - George the Martyr - celebrated on different days.According to the old calendar, this day falls on November 26 in 16-17 centuries it on the 6th of December, and in our days - on 9 December.Of Law also determines the amount of "elderly", which was one ruble from the yard, located in the fields, and polrublya with farms located in the woods, in favor of the landowners.At the same time, this fee was set for four years, that is, if the farmer lived and worked for a year, then had to pay a quarter of the amount determined Sudebnik.
Characteristics of the main stages of enslaving peasants
son and heir Ivan III, Vasily third, Muscovy expanded by the addition of Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky and Starodub principality.If it were active processes of centralization of power, accompanied by minimizing the power of the boyars and the growth of the land nobility in the estates that had someone to work with.This trend has increased during the reign of Ivan IV (the Terrible), who in his Sudebnik 1550 affirmed the right of landlords to let peasants only in the St. George's Day, while reducing the rights of the peasants and serfs and lifting the "old" two hit the jackpot.Stages of enslavement of the peasants in Russia were one after another.
Captive tillers were in Russia since ancient times
About menials should say a few words separately.This status is not free human person existed since the days of Ancient Rus principalities until 1723.Serf is in fact a slave (a slave captured in the war called "Chelyadyn" and was in the worst position regarding the slave).The slaves fell again in the war, as a result of committing a crime (Prince could take slaves into the person who committed murder with robbery, arson and horse-stealing), in insolvency in payment of debts or non-free from birth parents.
serf could become voluntary if a person marries a non-free person sold himself (at least for 0.5 hryvnia, but in front of witnesses), served as steward or Chiune (in the latter case were possible other relationships).With the owner of the slaves were free to do anything, including killing and selling at the same time being responsible for their actions to third parties.Serfs worked where they were put, including on the ground.Therefore we can say that the enslavement of the peasants, the steps of which relate to the 15-16 centuries, in fact, was based on a developed practice of the slave system.
partial ban on the transition
Shortly before his death (in 1581) Ivan the Terrible imposed restrictions on the transfer of tillers and St. George's Day, to conduct a general census of the land and to assess the extent and quality of management on it.It was another event that caused the further enslavement of the peasants.Stages of development of the system of enslavement, however, attributed to this period as the Terrible, and the king Fedor, who seems to be such a decree issued in 1592.
Supporters of the ban Terrible indicate that ratification before 1592 contain references to "reserved (forbidden) summer," while supporters Fedor believe that it is the absence of references to the "forbidden years"documentation after 1592 suggests that the prohibition was introduced in the 1592-1593 biennium.Clarity on this issue is not so far.It is worth noting that the cancellation of St. George's Day did not act on the entire territory of Russia - in the south of peasants could move from one host to another long enough.
complete enslavement of farmers
main stages of enslavement of the peasants in the 16th century did not end the above measures.In 1597 a decree was introduced years time limit, which states that a runaway peasant can still be returned to the owner within 5 years.If this deadline expired and the previous owner did not file an application for investigation, it remained a fugitive at the new location.As the flight was considered any withdrawal and return is made with all property and family.
Taskmgr summer derogate under Boris Godunov
Stages legal enslavement of the peasants acted in 1597 in respect of not only the farmers, even with regard to his wife and children, who become "fixed" for the land.Ten years after the adoption of the rules of time limit period (1607) the situation has forced rural workers has deteriorated since Vasily Shuya issued a decree to extend the investigation to fifteen years, which significantly expands the rights of landowners on the labor of the peasants.This paper tries to prove the illegality of the cancellation time limit in the years of the reign of Boris Godunov period, who made concessions, most likely due to the famine in 1601-1602 year.
What to complete all stages of enslavement of the peasants?Briefly - complete abolition of years time limit and indefinite sleuthing fugitives.This happened during the reign of Alexis and Council Code was formalized in 1649.Only after two hundred years, in 1861, will be abolished serfdom and Russian peasants will have relative freedom.
