The phenomenon of borrowed words, which are words that have fallen from one language to another and adapted to its phonetic and grammatical laws - a completely natural process.
There are languages in which borrowing a lot.These include, for example, the Korean language, there are many Chinese words.In turn, Chinese, Hungarian languages tend to their own means to form new words and concepts.But there is no language in which to loan words did not exist at all, since it is impossible to artificially isolate people from one another, disrupting socio-political relations, cultural dialogue, economic and trade cooperation.
In an era when the "iron curtain" separated the two different socio-political systems, loan words in the English language come from the Russian to the study of outer space.After the launch of an artificial satellite of the earth every European became clear Russian word "satellite".And in the period of Gorbachev did not have to translate the word perestroika as a reconstruction - it was clear in his original sound.
dwell on lexical borrowing.They penetrate into the language mainly in two ways: verbal and bookish.
Borrowed words of German origin: Skimmer (shaumloffel) jack (daumkraft) screw clamp (shraubtsvinge) and many others have appeared in the Russian language, together with the emergence of the first German settlements.There is a dialogue between the two nations, and the words were transmitted "from mouth to mouth."And the play was not always accurate, and the sound of the word change.So in the Russian lexicon of foreign words appeared, penetrated the oral route.
Sometimes borrowing are "double", ie as synonyms.The word "tomato" in the Russian language comes from Latin America.In Italian it is called vegetable crops pomodoro, which means "golden apple".Both loan words used in the Russian language as synonyms.
Many loan words that are included in a particular language by the book, by its etymology is Greek or Latin.In using the word "progress", "high school", "constitution", "democracy", we have not think about their origin.No wonder there is such a linguistic joke: "Do you speak Greek. You just do not know!"
Another way to borrow foreign words - tracing paper.Unlike the previous method of direct borrowing, this refers to indirect and is an exact copy of the foreign words in morphemes (ie significant parts).For example: skyscraper (Eng.) - Skyscraper (sky - "sky" + scrape - "scrape") multivalued - tracing from the Greek - polysemy (poly - "a lot" + sema - "value").
Such linguistic term, as the case is a carbon copy of the Latin.But unlike the previously mentioned derivational cripples, this tracing semantic, that is associated with the meaning of the word.Kasus (lat. Deaths) - is derived from the verb cadent - fall).Ancient experts determined grammar of case shape change words like "falling away" from the ground.
If the 20th century is the century of space exploration, the 21st century - the era of the virtual space exploration.The amazing leap in the development of computer technology facilitated the emergence all languages of English words.
words borrowed from English, go through the process a kind of adaptation to the Russian language.Keeping the semantics, they are modified phonetically and grammatically.
If you take a word like "Microsoft", it is a direct borrowing.And the word "Borg" - ironic tracing incomplete.
Verbs "juzat" (use-use), "chatitsya" (chat-chat), "clicking" (click-click) takes the form of Russian infinitive.It is appropriate to speak about the appearance of slang.But that's another linguistic phenomenon.
should be noted that between the foreign words and borrowings there is a difference.For example, in Romania there is a modern word "Securitate" - security, but despite this, in use common English grammatical changes without security.In fact, it is inserted into a foreign word that borrowing is not.
