word "party" comes from the Greek partio, which means as a "part" and "case" may have some things in common.A political party, thus, represents the union of like-minded people with common ideas and goals that can be realized through the access to the power structures in order to represent the interests of certain groups.Political parties of Russia in the early 20th century, developed in the troubled atmosphere of the reign of Nicholas II.This Russian autocrat replaces Alexander III, who was known as a peacemaker for the absence of war in the era of his reign.The accession to the throne as Nicholas II was followed by the death of thousands of people on Khodynka Field, so his reign was a failure from the start.
Historical preconditions for the activity of various parties
the reputation of the ruler of the Russian Empire affected badly the war with Japan in 1904-1905., Which led to significant territorial and human losses.Against the background of weakening the authority of the king began to grow radicalism that is manifested primarily SRs and the Black Hundreds.Nicholas II to improve the situation after the revolution went into a series of political reforms, among which was the establishment of the State Duma.Until that time, the representative body of the country did not exist.The formation of political parties in Russia at that time was going in three directions: the socialist, liberal and monarchical.And each of them had its own characteristics and the significant differences in political programs, methods to achieve the goals.
nationalism in the politics of the time
Monarchist political parties of Russia in the early 20th century were quite numerous.Among them were: "Russian Collection", "Union of the Working People", Monarchist Party, "Russian People's Union to them.Michael the Archangel "and so on. These political currents were not uniform programs, but preached pronatsionalisticheskie ideas were for the preservation of the board landed on the ground."Russia - for the Russian" - was the slogan of many monarchist movement, preferring to leave the king's power unlimited, and the Russian Empire - the autocratic monarchy.But these were not the aggressive, all political parties in Russia.Table is their comparative characteristics.
Black Hundreds were monarchists
believed that among the monarchists often consisted of small traders, cab drivers, that is, the city "people" of Russian-speaking origin, were also merchants, landlords, burgers, large and small bourgeois, Cossacks, and eventhe police, a special commitment to the tsarist regime.For these people, the party activists preached slogans assimilation of other nations, forced relocation, organizing riots, acts of terrorism.What else is known monarchist political parties in Russia?Briefly - the formation of teams of the Black Hundreds that in 1905-1914 gg.actively actuated above policy chauvinism, Russian nationalism and anti-Semitism.A prominent figure in the monarchist movement was Purishkevich, released from landlords environment.
name in honor of the historical document
liberal political party of Russia in the early 20th century, mainly represented by the Cadets and Octobrists (Union of October 17 representatives).In October 1905, it was the seventeenth of Nicholas II received the manifesto of the improvement of public order, who shared the king's right to rule (formerly sole) with the State Duma.The first congress of the Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) took place in the same 1905, when he was assigned the main course of the Party movement.
State as the principal to begin the reforms
left-liberal Cadets (under the leadership of Miliukov) consisted of intellectuals, zemstvos, entrepreneurs, researchers, and believed that Russia must have a market economy, the status of the rule of law, democracy in terms of individual rights at the general mode of the Boardin the form of a parliamentary monarchy.Difficult peasant problem they solved by a transfer of land from the landlords (to leave them five hundred of tithes) for the use (not over) the peasants for ransom, which was supposed to pay the state.In the village preserved peasant community.Features of political parties in Russia for this wing consisted in the fact that the Cadets have seen the main channel of the reform, in fact, the state and want to improve the situation of the working class by the introduction of an 8-hour workday, development of trade unions and the possibility of strikes.Representatives of this party were not against the expansion of independence of Finland and Poland, as well as of the peoples of Russia the right to cultural definition.
They did not want to reduce the time
history of political parties in Russia include a last name like Guchkov, who led the party Octobrists.This movement was a liberal, but conservative, center-right.At its heart were the representatives of the bourgeoisie (the union of commercial and industrial bourgeoisie of large cities) and the moderate wing of the opposition zemstvos, proposing reforms through parliament without armed struggle.The Octobrists were in favor of the indivisibility of Russia, the preservation of order in the form of the Duma of the monarchy, the decision of the peasant question at the expense of the needy lands in Siberia, granting farmers the same rights as the other classes of society, the preservation of the landlords' land at their possible redemption for a large fee, the sale to the peasants of public lands.Since the party was headed by industrialists, they were against the 8-hour working day (instead of 11-12 hours), as believed, the people enough rest due to religious holidays.
SRs wanted to form a federation of peoples
socialist political parties of Russia in the early 20th century were presented to the Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats (RSDLP).The first was led by VM Chernov SRs formed mainly among neopopulists and foreign immigrants, who believed that people need a revolution and the elimination of autocracy.They are expected to establish the rule of the people, to convene a Constituent Assembly, to arrange Russia as a federation of peoples and the right of nations to self-solve some issues.We wanted to take away the land of the landlords, pass it into public use of the peasant communities.SR's preferred tactic of terror, attracting to its ranks intellectuals - students, teachers, doctors and others. The party was the most popular among the peasants.
driving force of the revolution - a proletariat
political parties in Russia in 1905 included two took shape "branches" of the Social Democrats.The formation of the party was formalized in 1903 abroad, in Brussels, where the Charter was adopted, the maximum and minimum program of the party.The Social Democrats have relied on the working class, not the peasants (among which at the time was 80% illiterate).They want to overthrow the monarchy, to introduce the right to vote, to separate the church from the state.For workers expected to enter the time of no more than eight hours planned pension insurance, would abolish child labor and to reduce the use of female power.The peasants were to receive their allotments, which they identified during the 1861 reform.During the discussions on the main issues in the party emerged disagreements, and its membership began to enter the Bolshevik Party (leader - Lenin) and Menshevik Party (headed by Martov).
Mensheviks believed that their party will be available to the general public, the revolutionary process should be led by the bourgeoisie in alliance with the proletariat.The peasantry Mensheviks considered a relic of the past, offered to take the land from the landlords and transferred to municipal ownership, while maintaining small plots at working on the ground.
secret organization and closed party
Bolshevik Party also felt that their union should be closed conspiratorial organization.The driving force of the revolution Lenin's supporters were the proletariat in alliance with the peasantry, and the bourgeoisie was considered a relic of the past.Changing the system they want to hold by force and bring the tsarist regime to replace the dictators of the proletariat.The agrarian program of the party included the elimination of church, landlordism and the transfer of land to the state.I must say that with such ideas the Bolshevik Party in 1917 (April - the announcement of Lenin's "April Theses") was not popular in the political environment and the people.Therefore, the party agents launched an extensive propaganda campaign among the military, peasants, workers, and so on., To increase the number of supporters.And they succeeded, because it is this political force conducted the Great October Socialist Revolution.Among the representatives of the political movement formed the Communist Party.
must say that the programs of political parties of the time were somewhat similar to each other.For example, cadets are invited to enhance the independence of the two territories, while Bolsheviks wanted to give all nations the right to self-determination, including the possibility of secession.But as history has shown, as the successor of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks, on the contrary, brought together almost all the territory of the Russian Empire into a single unit, but with a different social system.
