kingdom of fungi includes many species.Lower fungi are microorganisms.See their man could except that only through a microscope or spoiled food.Higher fungi have a complex structure and large size.They can grow on the ground and on tree trunks find them where there is access to organic matter.The bodies of fungi are formed thin, tightly packed together hyphae.These are the species that we used to gather in the baskets, walking through the woods.
higher fungi - agaricales
Perhaps everyone has an accurate idea of what it looks like an ordinary mushroom.Everyone knows where they can grow and where they can be found.But the reality is not so simple, and representatives of the kingdom of fungi.They differ from each other in form and structure.The bodies of fungi are formed by interweaving of hyphae.Most of the known species have foot and hat, which can be painted in different colors.Almost all the mushrooms that the person eats, refer to the order agaricales.This group includes species such as mushrooms, shaft, mushrooms, chanterelles, mushrooms, white, volnushki and so on. D. So it is necessary to study the structure of these fungi more.
general structure of higher fungi
body of the fungus formed woven giant multinucleated cells - hyphae that make up plektenhimu.Most pileate representatives about agaricales is clearly divided into the hat round shape and leg.Such external structure are also some species of the afilloforovye and morels.However, even among agaricales there are exceptions.In some species, the leg can be a side or completely absent.And Gasteromycetes mushroom body formed so as not to reveal such units, and they have no cap.They have tuberous, clavate, spherical shape or type of the star.
the cap protects the skin, under which there is a layer of pulp.He may have a bright color and smell.Leg or stump attached to the substrate.This can be soil, a living tree or animal corpse.Stump usually thick, its surface is different depending on the species.It can be smooth, scaly, velvety.
higher fungi multiply sexually and asexually.The vast majority of forms spores.The vegetative body of the fungus is called mycelium.It consists of thin branching hyphae.GIFA - is elongated thread that has apical growth.They may not have baffles, then the mycelium is composed of one multicore the gigantic, highly branched cells.Vegetative body of fungi can develop not only in soil rich in organic matter, but also in the wood of living and dead stems, on stumps, roots, and much less in the bushes.
structure of the fruiting body of the fungus pileate
Fruiting bodies of most agaricales myagkomyasistye and juicy.If you decline, they tend to rot.The period of their life is very low.Some mushrooms since the advent of the ground and up to the final stages of development may take only a few hours, sometimes it lasts a couple of days.
mushroom fruit body consists of a cap, and a centrally located legs.Sometimes, as mentioned above, the leg can be omitted.Caps are of various sizes, from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters.Taking a walk through the forest, you can see how from the ground on slender legs grew small tender mushrooms with a cap size of a little finger pad.And next to them can sit heavy giant mushroom.His hat grows up to 30 cm, and the leg is heavy and thick.These impressive size can boast white mushrooms and mushrooms.
Form hats are also different.Allocate cushion, hemispherical, flattened, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, with a curved edge up or down.Often during the short life of the fungus is changing the shape of the cap several times.
Structure mushroom caps order agaricales
hat, like the body of fungi, hyphae are formed.On top of their cover tight skin.It also consists of hyphae coverts.Their function is to protect the internal tissues of the loss of vital moisture.Thereby preventing drying of the skin.It can be painted in different colors depending on the fungal species and age.In some peel white, others bright orange, red or brown.It can be dry or, on the contrary, is covered with thick mucus.Its surface is smooth and scaly, velvety or warty.In some species, such as oil, the skin is easy to remove completely.And here at syroezhek volnushek and it falls only on the edge.In many species, and it is not removed and is firmly connected to the pulp, which is located underneath.
under the skin, therefore, the fruiting body of the fungus formed pulp - sterile cloth built plexus of hyphae.It is different in density.The flesh is loose in some species, others resilient.It can be brittle.This part of the mushroom species has a specific smell.It can be sweet or nutty.The aroma of certain types of pulp pungent pepper or bitter, he happens to redechnym and even a touch of garlic.
As a rule, most types of flesh under the skin on her hat light color: white, milky, brownish or greenish.What are the structural features of the body of the fungus in this part?Some species at the site of the fracture color over time remains the same, while others coloration changes abruptly.These changes are explained by oxidative processes dyes.A striking example of this phenomenon is the Boletus.If you make a cut on his fruit body, then this place will darken quickly.The same processes occur in Mokhovikov and bruises.
In the pulp in such species as volnushki, milk mushroom and saffron, have special hyphae.Their walls are thickened.They are called milky strokes and filled with a colorless or colored liquid - juice.
Hymenium - fertile layer
mushroom fruit body formed pulp, by which is directly under the bonnet is fertile layer - hymenium.This series of microscopic spore-forming cells - basidia.The vast number agaricales hymenium is open for Hymenophore.These are special tabs located on the underside of the cap.
Hymenophore in different species of mushroom has a different structure.For example, lisichkovyh presented in the form of thick branched folds that come down on their feet.And here at Hymenophore blackberries - in the form of brittle spines that are easily separated.In fungi tubular ducts are formed, and at the plate, respectively, of the plate.Hymenophore can be free (if it does not reach the legs) or accreta (when tightly fused with it).Hymenium needed for reproduction.Because spores that carry around, formed a new vegetative body of the fungus.
Fungal Spores
structure of the fruiting body of the fungus is not difficult pileate.Its spores develop on the fruit-bearing cells.All are single-celled fungi agaricales.As in any eukaryotic cell, in a dispute distinguish membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and other cellular organelles.They also found a large number of inclusions.The size of the dispute - from 10 to 25 microns.Therefore, they can be seen only through a microscope at a magnification good.In form they are round, oval, spindle-shaped, and even stellate zernovidnye.Their shell also varies depending on the species.In some dispute it is smooth, at others prickly, bristly or warty.
When released into the environment disputes often resemble a powder.But the cells themselves are both colorless and colored.Often there are disputes among the fungi yellow, brown, pink, red, brown, olive, purple, orange and even black.Scientists mycologists pay great attention to the color and size of the dispute.These symptoms are stable, and they often help in determining the species of fungi.
structure of the fruiting body: Stipe
The appearance of the fruiting body of the fungus is known to almost everyone.Foot as the cap is formed of tightly interwoven strands of hyphae.But these giant cells are characterized in that their shell thickened and has good strength.Foot fungus need for support.She lifts him above the substrate.Hyphae a leg connected in tufts which are adjacent to each other in parallel and are upwards.So it goes for the water and mineral compounds from the mycelium to the cap.Feet distinguish two types: continuous (hyphae pressed close) and hollow (when between hyphae noticeable cavity - mlechniki).However, there exist in nature and intermediate types.These legs have a bruise and kashtanovika.These kinds of dense outer portion.And in the middle of the leg is filled with spongy pulp.
Anyone who has an idea of what is the appearance of the fruiting body of the fungus, knows that the legs are not only the structure.They have different shapes and thickness.For example, oil and syroezhek foot flat and cylindrical.And here at the well-known brown cap boletus and aspen mushrooms is uniformly expanding your base.There are also obratnobulavovidnuyu form of hemp.It is very common among agaricales mushrooms.In a noticeable expansion of the legs at the base, which sometimes becomes bulbous swelling.This form of hemp more often diagnosed in larger species of fungi.It is characteristic of the fly agaric, cortinarius, umbrellas.Mushrooms, which mycelium growing on wood, are often narrowed to the bottom of the leg.It can be stretched and move in rizomorf, stretching under the roots of a tree or stump.
So, what is in the body of the fungus agaricales order?This leg, lifting it above the substrate, and a hat in the lower part of which develop spores.Some types of fungi, such as fly agaric, after the formation of the ground for a while covered with a whitish coating.It is called the "general blanket."As the fruiting body of the fungus his pieces are on a round hat, and on the basis of hemp significantly meshkopodobnoe education - Volvo.In some fungi, it is free, while others - adherent and looks like a bulge or rollers.Also, remnants of the "general blankets" are bands on the stipe.They are noticeable in many species, particularly at an early stage of development.As a rule, young mushrooms cover bands formed Hymenophore.
differences in the structure of fungi pileate
Parts of the body of the fungus are different in different species.Fruiting bodies of some are not similar to the above structure.Among agaricales mushrooms are exceptions.And these species are not enough.But only lines and morels resemble agaricales mushrooms.Their fruiting bodies are also on a clear separation of caps and stems.Cap them fleshy and hollow.Its shape is often conical.The surface is not smooth, but rather, ribbed.In morel cap irregular shape.It is covered with sinuous folds easily palpable.Unlike agaricales mushrooms, morels spore-forming layer is disposed on the surface of the cap.He is represented by "bags" or askami.This containers in which spores are formed and accumulated.The availability of such parts of the body of the fungus, Asuka, is characteristic of all marsupials fungi.The foot pod from morels and hollow, its surface is smooth and even, at the base - a marked thickening of the tuberous.
representatives of another order - afilloforovye mushrooms, also have shlyapochnye fruiting bodies with a strong leg.This group includes chanterelles and blackberries.Their hat rezinistoy or slightly woody structure.A striking example - of bracket fungi, which are also included in the order.As a rule, afilloforovye not rot fungi, as occurs in agaricales with their fleshy body.When they dry withering away.
also differ in structure from most species of fungi pileate order clavariaceae.Their fruiting body has a club-shape or coral.It is completely covered with hymenium.This important feature of this order is the lack Hymenophore.
also unusual structure and order Gasteromycetes.This group is often referred to as the body of the fungus tubers.In species belonging to this order form can be very diverse: spherical, star-shaped, egg-shaped, pear-shaped and gnezdovidnoy.Their size is rather big.Some fungi that reach about 30 cm in diameter. The most striking example Gasteromycetes - is a giant puffball.
vegetative body of the fungus
Vegetative body of fungi called their mycelium (or mycelium), which is located in the ground or, for example, in the wood.It consists of very fine filaments - hyphae whose thickness ranges from 1.5 to 10 mm.Highly branched hyphae.The mycelium develops as the substrate and on its surface.Length mycelium in a nutrient soil, such as litter, can reach 30 km per 1 gram.
So vegetative body of fungi consists of long hyphae.They grow only at the top, ie the apical.Very interesting structure of mycelium.The mycelium of most types of non-cellular.He is deprived of the intercellular partitions and one giant cell.It is not one, but a large number of nuclei.However, mycelia may be cellular.In this case, under the microscope partition separating one cell from the other, are clearly visible.
Development vegetative body of the fungus
So vegetative body of the fungus is called mycelium.Getting into the wet substrate, rich in organic matter, fungi spores germinate pileate.It is because they develop long strands of mycelium.They grow slowly.Only accumulating a sufficient amount of organic nutrients and minerals, the mycelium forms on the surface of the fruit bodies, which we call mushrooms.Their very rudiments appear in the first month of summer.But finally they develop only with the onset of favorable weather conditions.Typically, a lot of mushrooms in the last month of summer and in the autumn when the rains come.
Power pileate species quite unlike the processes in algae and green plants.They themselves can not synthesize their required organic substance.These cells have chlorophyll.They need ready nutrients.Since the vegetative body of the fungus hyphae presented then they contribute to the absorption of water from the substrate with dissolved mineral compounds.Therefore shlyapochnye fungi prefer humus-rich forest soils.Less often they grow in the meadows and steppes.Most of the organic matter they need mushrooms taken from the roots of trees.Therefore, they often grow in close proximity to them.
example, all fans of silent hunting is known that white mushrooms can always find some birches, oaks and firs.But the delicious mushrooms to be found in pine forests.Boletus growing in birch forests and aspen - in aspen.This is easily explained by the fact that fungi establish a close relationship with trees.As a rule, it is useful to both species.When densely branched mycelium twist around plant roots, and she tries to get into them.But it does not harm the tree.The thing is that, being located inside the cells, the mycelium from the soil drains water and, of course, its dissolved mineral compounds.At the same time they get in the cells of the roots, and thus serve as food and wood.Thus overgrown mycelium performs the function of root hairs.This is particularly useful for old roots.After all, they have no hair.The symbiosis of a useful mushrooms?They receive from the plant useful organic compounds they need for food.Only if enough of them on the substrate surface develops pileate fruit bodies of fungi.
