great Russian traveler, the list of which is quite large, have pushed the development of maritime trade, and also raised the prestige of the country.The scientific community has recognized more and more information, not only on geography, but also about the animal and plant world, and most importantly - the people who lived in other parts of the world and their customs.Let us follow in the footsteps of the great Russian travelers their voyages of discovery.
Fyodor Konyukhov
Great Russian traveler Fyodor Konyukhov is not only well-known lover of adventure, but also a painter, honored master of sports.He was born in 1951.Since childhood, he could do that would be given quite difficult of his peers - swimming in cold water.He could easily sleep in the hayloft.Fedor was in good physical shape and able to run for long distances - a few tens of kilometers.In 15 years, he managed to cross the Sea of Azov, using a rowing boat fishing.Greatly influenced by Fyodor and his grandfather, who wanted the young man became a traveler, but the boy tried to do so.The great Russian travelers often begin to prepare in advance for their campaigns and sea space.
Discovery Konyukhov
Fedor Konyukhov Filippovich took part in the 40-travel, repeated on a yacht Bering route, and sailed from Vladivostok to the Commander Islands, came to Sakhalin and Kamchatka.In the 58 years he conquered Mount Everest, as well as seven of the highest peaks in a team with other climbers.He visited both the North and the South Pole, to his credit four round the world voyages, they crossed the Atlantic 15 times.His impressions Fedor Filippovich is indicated by the drawing.So he wrote a 3000 pictures.The great geographical discoveries of Russian travelers were often reflected in their own literature and Fedor Konyukhov left behind a 9 books.
Athanasius Nikitin
Great Russian traveler Athanasius Nikitin (Nikitin - patronymic merchant, t. To. His father's La Femme Nikita) lived in the 15th century, and the year of his birth is unknown.He proved that even a person from a poor family can travel so far, the main thing - to set a goal.He was an experienced merchant who traveled to India in Crimea, Constantinople, Lithuania and the Principality of Moldavia and brought home overseas goods.
He himself was a native of Tver.Russian merchants went to Asia to establish relationships with local traders.They themselves were taken there, mostly furs.As fate Athanasius was in India, where he lived for three years.On his return he was robbed and killed near Smolensk.The great Russian explorers and their discoveries have forever remain in the history, because for the sake of progress brave and daring lovers wandering often died in dangerous and long expeditions.
Discovery of Nikitin
Athanasius Nikitin became the first Russian traveler who visited India and Persia, on the way back he visited Turkey and Somalia.During his travels he took notes "Journey Beyond Three Seas", which later became the textbook for the study of the culture and customs of other countries.In particular, well outlined in his records medieval India.He crossed the Volga, the Arabian Sea and the Caspian, Black Sea.When near Astrakhan merchants were robbed by the Tatars, he did not want to come home with all and get into debt trap, and continued their journey, going to Derbent, then Baku.
Nikolai Maclay
Maclay comes from a noble family, but after the death of his father he had to learn what it means to live in poverty.He was a rebel by nature - in 15 years, he was arrested for having participated in demonstrations of students.Because of this he was not only arrested in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he stayed for three days, but was expelled from school with a further ban income - so for he had lost the opportunity to receive higher education in Russia that he subsequently made in Germany.
Ernst Haeckel, a lot of well-known naturalist, drew attention to a curious 19-year-old boy and invited Maclay expedition, whose aim was to study the marine fauna.Nicholas died at the age of 42 years, with a diagnosis of it read "a strong deterioration of the body."He, like many other great Russian travelers, donated much of his life in the name of the new discoveries.
Discovery Maclay
In 1869 Maclay with the support of the Russian Geographical Society went to New Guinea.Beach where he had landed, is now called "Maclay Coast."After more than a year in the expedition, he broke new ground.The natives have learned from the Russian traveler how to grow pumpkins, corn, beans, how to care for fruit trees.3 years he spent in Australia, visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the islands of Melanesia and Micronesia.He also urged local residents not to interfere with anthropological research.17 years of his life he studied the indigenous people of the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia.Due to Miklouho-Maclay it was refuted speculation that the Papuans are another kind of person.As can be seen, the great Russian travelers and their discovery allowed the rest of the world not only learn more about the geographical research, but also for other people who lived in the new territories.
Nikolay Przhevalsky
Przhevalsky favored the family of the emperor, after the first trip he had the honor to meet with Alexander II, who gave his collection to the Russian Academy of Sciences.His son Nicholas liked the works of Nikolai Mikhailovich, and he wanted to be his disciple, he also has promoted the publication of stories about the 4th expedition, complained 25 thousand. Rubles.Tsarevich always looked forward to letters from the traveler and was happy to even short news about the expedition.
As can be seen, even while living Przewalski has become quite well-known personality and his works and deeds have received a lot of publicity.However, as sometimes happens when the great Russian explorers and their discoveries are becoming famous, many details of the life and circumstances of his death are still shrouded in mystery.Offspring Nikolai Mikhailovich was not, t. To. To understand in advance what fate awaits him, he would not allow himself to condemn a loved one on permanent standby and loneliness.
Discovery Przewalski
Through expeditions Przewalski, the Russian scientific prestige received a new impetus.During 4 expeditions traveler passed about 30 thousand. Kilometers, he traveled to Central and West Asia, the territory of the Tibetan Plateau and the southern part of the Taklimakan Desert.He opened many ridges (Moscow, mysterious, and so on. D.), Describe the major rivers of Asia.
Many have heard of the Przewalski horse (a subspecies of wild horse), but few know about the richest zoological collections of mammals, birds, amphibians and fish, a large number of records about plants and herbarium collections.In addition to the flora and fauna, as well as new geographical discoveries, the great Russian explorer Przewalski interested nations unknown to Europeans - Dungan, northern Tibetans, Tanguts, magintsami, lobnortsami.He created the work "How to travel in Central Asia", which could serve as an excellent guide for researchers and the military.The great Russian travelers, making discoveries, always gave knowledge to the development of science and the successful organization of new expeditions.
Adam Johann von Krusenstern
Russian explorer was born in 1770.He had a chance to become the first chief of world expedition from Russia, as it is one of the pioneers of Russian oceanography, Admiral, a corresponding member and honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.Great Russian traveler Kruzenshtern and took an active part, was created when the Russian Geographical Society.In 1811 he had the opportunity to teach in the Sea Cadet Corps.Subsequently, becoming a director, he organized a class of senior officers.This Academy then became a naval.
In 1812, he singled out one third of his fortune to the people's militia (the Patriotic War started).Until that time, it took the publication of three volumes of books "Around the World", which have been translated into seven European languages.In 1813, Ivan Fedorovich include in the English, Danish, German and French scientific societies and academies.However, 2 years later, he is sent on indefinite leave due to the developing eye disease, complicated the situation and the difficult relationship with the Admiralty.Many famous explorers and travelers turned to Ivan Fedorovich for advice and support.
Discovery Kruzenshtern
3 years he was the head of the Russian expedition around the world in ships "Neva" and "Hope".During the voyage had to be studied estuary of the Amur River.For the first time in the history of the Russian fleet crossed the Equator.Through this journey and Ivan Fedorovich, first appeared on the map of the eastern, northern and north-west coast of Sakhalin Island.Also, by virtue of his work see the light "Atlas South Sea", complete hydrographic notes.Thanks to the expedition cards were erased nonexistent island, it was determined the exact position of the other georgaficheskih points.Russian science has learned about Mezhpassatnyh countercurrent in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, measured water temperature (up to 400 m depth), defined its specific weight, color and clarity.Finally it became clear the reason for which the light sea.Also, there are data on atmospheric pressure, the tide in many areas of the oceans that used other great Russian travelers in their expeditions.
Semyon Dezhnev
great traveler was born in 1605.Navigator, explorer and trader, he was also a Cossack chieftain.He was a native of Great Ustyug, and then moved to Siberia.Semyon Ivanovich was known for his diplomatic talent, courage and ability to organize and manage people.His name was given geographical point (headland, bay, island, village Peninsula), the premium ice-breaker, transportation, streets, etc.
Discovery Dezhneva
Semyon Ivanovich 80 years before Bering went Strait (named Bering) between Alaskaand Chukotka (in full, while the Bering was only part of it).He and his team discovered a sea route around the north-eastern part of Asia reached Kamchatka.No one before and did not know about that part of the world where America almost converged with Asia.Dezhnev passed the Arctic Ocean, bypassing the northern shore of Asia.He mapped the Strait between the American and Asian banks, as well as the Chukchi Peninsula.Once in the Gulf Olyutorskii boat shipwrecked, his squad, with only skis and sledges, was getting 10 weeks before the Anadyr River (while losing 13 of 25).There is speculation that the first settlers in Alaska became part of the team Dezhnev, separated from the expedition.
Thus, following in the footsteps of the great Russian traveler, you can see how to develop and rising Russian scientific community, enrich the knowledge of the external world, which gave a huge impetus to the development of other industries.
