living organism - is the main thing, which is studying a science, biology.It is a complex system consisting of cells, organs and tissues.A living organism - is one that has a number of characteristic features.He breathes and eats, moves and moves and has offspring.
Life Sciences
term "biology" was introduced by JBLamarck - French naturalist - in 1802. At about the same time and independently by the name science of the living world has given the German botanist GRTreviranus.
numerous branches of biology are considering the diversity not only exists in the moment, but already extinct organisms.They study their origin and evolutionary processes, structure and functioning, as well as personal development and communication with the environment and with each other.
Sections Biology considered private and general patterns that are inherent in all living beings in all the properties and manifestations.This also applies to reproduction, and metabolism, and heredity, and development and growth.Home
historical stage
first living organisms on our planet in its structure significantly different from currently available.They were much easier.Throughout the stages of formation of life on Earth is a natural selection.He contributed to the improvement of the structure of living beings, allowing them to adapt to the outside world.
Initially living organisms in nature eat only organic compounds arising from primary carbohydrate.At the dawn of its history and the animals and plants are tiny single-celled creatures.They were similar to the current amoebae, blue-green algae and bacteria.During the evolution of multicellular organisms began to appear which were much more diverse and more complex than their predecessors.
chemical composition
living organism - is one that is formed by the molecules of inorganic and organic substances.
to the first of these components is water and mineral salts.Organic substances present in the cells of living organisms are fats and proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, ATP and many other elements.It is worth noting the fact that living organisms in the structure contain the same components that are available and the objects of inanimate nature.The main difference is in the ratio of these elements.Living organisms - those ninety-eight percent of which is accounted for hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen.
Classification
organic world of our planet has to date almost half a million different species of animals, half a million species of plants, as well as ten million organisms.This diversity can not be studied without a detailed systematization.Classification of living organisms was first developed by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.The basis of their work he put the hierarchical principle.The unit became a kind of systematization, the name of which has been invited to give only in Latin.
classification of living organisms used in modern biology, points to the kinship and evolutionary relationships of organic systems.While maintaining the principle of hierarchy.
totality of living organisms that have a common origin, the same chromosome set, adapted to similar conditions found in a particular habitat, interbreeding freely with each other and give progeny capable of reproduction, and is a view.
There is another classification in biology.This science all cellular organisms are divided into groups according to the presence or absence of the nucleus issued.This prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
first group of primitive organisms are nuclear-free.These cells secrete the nuclear area, but it contains only molecule.This bacteria.
nuclear True representatives of the organic world are eukaryotes.The cells of living organisms in this group have all the basic structural components.Clearly they have decorated the kernel.This group includes animals, plants and fungi.
structure of living organisms can be not only a cell.Biology studies and other forms of life.These include non-cellular organisms such as viruses, and bacteriophages.
Classes
living organisms in biological taxonomy exists ranked hierarchical classification, which scientists believe one of the main.He identifies classes of living organisms.The main ones include the following:
- bacteria;
- mushrooms;
- animals;
- plants;
- algae.
Description classes
bacterium is a living organism.This single-celled, which multiply by dividing.Cells of bacteria enclosed in a shell and the cytoplasm.
to the following classes of living organisms are fungi.In nature, there are about fifty thousand species of these representatives of the organic world.However, biologists have learned only five percent of the total.Interestingly, the fungus has some features of both plants and animals.An important role of this class of living organisms lies in the ability to decompose organic material.That is why the mushrooms can be found in virtually all biological niches.
great variety boasts wildlife.Representatives of this class can be found in such areas, where, apparently, there are no conditions for existence.
most highly class are warm-blooded animals.The name they got from the way that feed the offspring.All members are divided into hoofed mammals (giraffe, horse) and carnivores (fox, wolf, bear).
wildlife and insects are.They are in the world there are so many.They swim and fly, crawl and jump.Many of the insects have such small size that they can not withstand even the water tension.
One of the first vertebrates emerged in ancient historical times to the land, were the amphibians and reptiles.Until now, the life of this class is associated with water.For adults habitat - the land, and their breathing is easy.The larvae also breathe with gills and swim in the water.Currently in the world there are about seven thousand species of this class of living organisms.
unique representatives of fauna of our planet are birds.After all, unlike other animals, they are able to fly.On Earth, inhabited by almost eight thousand six hundred species of birds.For members of this class are characterized by feathers and egg laying.
To the great group of vertebrates belong to the fish.They live in ponds and have fins and gills.Biologists are divided into two groups of fish.This cartilage and bone.Currently, there are about twenty thousand different species of fish.
Within the class of plant has its own grading.Flora is divided into dicots and monocots.In the first of these groups is located in the seed embryo consisting of two cotyledons.Determine the representatives of this kind can be the leaves.They are penetrated by mesh of veins (corn, beets).Monocots embryo has only one cotyledon.On the leaves of these plants are located parallel veins (onions, wheat).
algae classes has more than thirty thousand species.This spore aquatic plants, which do not have blood vessels, but have chlorophyll.This component contributes to the process of photosynthesis.Algae does not form seeds.Their reproduction occurs vegetatively or disputes.From the class of higher plants living organisms characterized by the absence of stems, leaves and roots.They have only the so-called body, which is called the thallus.
functions inherent in living organisms
What is fundamental to any member of the organic world?This implementation of the exchange of energy and matter.In the living body there is a constant transformation of different substances into energy, as well as place the physical and chemical changes.
This function is a prerequisite for the existence of a living organism.It is thanks to the metabolism of organic beings the world is different from the inorganic.Yes, in inanimate objects as there are changes of matter and energy transformation.However, these processes have their fundamental differences.Metabolism that occurs in inorganic objects, destroys them.At the same time living organisms without metabolic processes can not continue to exist.The consequence of metabolism is to update an organic system.Termination of the exchange processes result in death.
diverse functions of a living organism.But all of them are directly related to it occurring metabolic processes.This can be a growth and reproduction, development and digestion, nutrition and oxygen, and movement of the reaction, separation, and the secretion of waste products, etc.At the heart of every function of the body is a set of processes of transformation of energy and matter.And equally it relates to opportunities as tissues, cells, organ and whole organism.
metabolism in humans and animals involves the processes of nutrition and digestion.In plants, it is carried out by means of photosynthesis.A living organism in the implementation of metabolism itself supplies nutrients necessary for life.
An important feature of the objects of the organic world is the use of external energy sources.Examples include light and food.
properties inherent in living organisms
Any biological unit is composed of individual elements, which in turn form inextricably connected system.For example, in the aggregate, all organs and functions of man are his body.The properties of living organisms are diverse.In addition to a single chemical composition and the possibility of the metabolic processes of the organic world objects capable organizations.From chaotic molecular motion produced certain structures.It creates all living certain orderliness in time and space.The structural organization of a whole range of complex self-regulating metabolic processes that occur in a specific order.This allows you to keep up the required level of a constant internal environment.For example, the hormone insulin reduces the amount of glucose in the blood when it is excess.With a lack of this component makes up his adrenaline and glucagon.Also, warm-blooded organisms possess multiple mechanisms of thermoregulation.This expansion of the skin capillaries and intense sweating.As you can see, this is an important function performed by the body.
properties of living organisms unique to the organic world, and concluded the process of self-reproduction, because the existence of any biological system has a time limit.Support life can only be self-reproduction.At the core of this function is the formation of new structures and molecules due to the information that lies in the DNA.Self-reproduction is inextricably linked to heredity.After all, every living creature gives birth like themselves.Through heredity organisms pass on their particular development properties and attributes.This property is due to persistence.It exists in the structure of DNA molecules.
Another feature characteristic of living organisms, is irritability.Organic systems always react to internal and external changes (impacts).With regard to the irritability of the human body, it is inextricably linked with the inherent characteristics of the muscular, nervous and glandular tissue.These components can give rise response after muscle contraction, nerve impulse origin, and secretion of various substances (hormones, saliva, etc.).If the nervous system devoid of a living organism?The properties of living organisms as irritable occur in case the motion.For example, simply leave the solution in which the salt concentration is too high.As for plants, they are able to change the position of the shoots in order to maximize light absorption.
any living system can respond to the stimulus.This is another feature of the objects of the organic world - excitability.This process provided the muscle and glandular tissues.One of the final movement is a reaction excitability.The ability to move is a general property of all living things, despite the fact that its appearance some organisms deprived.After motion occurs in the cytoplasm of every cell.Move and animals attached.Growth movement by increasing the number of cells observed in plants.
Habitat
The existence of the organic world of objects is possible only under certain conditions.Some of the space invariably surrounds a living organism or a whole group.This is the habitat.
In the life of any organism, organic and inorganic constituents of nature play a significant role.They produce a certain effect on him.Living organisms have to adapt to the existing conditions.So, some of the animals can live in the Far North at very low temperatures.Others are able to exist only in the tropics.
on planet Earth there are several habitats.Among them are:
- water;
- ground-water;
- ground;
- soil;
- a living organism;
- land-air.
role of living organisms in nature
Life on Earth has been around for three billion years.And during all this time, organisms have evolved, changed, and settled at the same time working on their environment.
Influence of organic systems on the environment led to the emergence of more oxygen.This significantly reduced the amount of carbon dioxide.The main source of production of oxygen are plants.
Under the influence of living organisms changed composition of the waters of the oceans.Organic origin have some rocks.Mineral resources (oil, coal, limestone) - it is also the result of the functioning of living organisms.In other words, the objects of the organic world is a powerful factor that transforms nature.
Living organisms are a kind of indicator, indicating the quality of the human environment.They are associated with complex processes vegetation and soil.With the loss of even a single link of the chain occurs the imbalance of the ecological system as a whole.That is why the circulation of energy and matter in the world, it is important to keep all the existing diversity of the representatives of the organic world.
