structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the fundamental questions of modern science.Always made in the field experiments have allowed scientists not only with a high degree of accuracy to determine that it represents an atom, but also actively use the acquired knowledge in a variety of industries and the creation of new types of weapons.
question of the structure of all things in the world interested scientists since time immemorial.For example, in ancient Greece Some scientists believe that in its structure of matter is one and indivisible, and their opponents have insisted that the matter is divisible and composed of tiny particles - atoms, so the properties of various subjects so different from each other.
breakthrough in the study of molecular structure occurred in the XVIII century, when the works of MVLomonosov, Lavoisier, Dalton D., A. Avogadro laid the foundations of the atomic-molecular theory that everything in nature is composed of molecules, and they, in turn, of indivisible particles - atoms, which interact with each other and determinesthe basic properties of various substances.
new stage in the study of the structure of molecules and atoms come in the end of XIX century, when E. Rutherford and some other scientists have made a discovery which resulted in the structure of the atom and atomic nucleus appear in a completely new light.So, it turned out that the atom was not indivisible particle is, on the contrary, it is composed of even smaller components - a nucleus and electrons, which move around on the intricate orbits.Total neutral atoms led to the conclusion that the electrons have a negative charge, the elements must be balanced with a positive charge.As it turned out, these elements do exist: they are called ɑ-particles, or protons.
current scientific knowledge allow us to assert that the structure of the atomic nucleus is much more complicated than it seemed even a hundred years ago.So, today we know that the nucleus of an atom includes not only protons, but the particles do not have a charge - neutrons.Taken together, the protons and neutrons are called nucleons.Since the mass of the neutron just 0.14% greater than the mass of a proton, it is usually in the calculation of this difference is neglected.
core dimensions are within the 10-12 and 10-13 cm. However, despite the fact that it is concentrated in the core of more than 95% of the mass of the atom, the atom in the dimensions of a hundred thousand times the size of the nucleus.
Basic quantitative characteristics, which characterize the structure of the atomic nucleus can be extracted from the Periodic TableMendeleev.As is known, the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the sum of orbiting electrons and corresponds to the number of elements in the table.In order to know the number of neutrons necessary to the total weight of the element to subtract the serial number and rounded to the nearest whole number.Substances which have equal number of protons and neutrons number of variously called isotopes.
One of the most important questions asked by scientists studying the structure of the kernel, there was a question about the forces that hold the protons, in fact, having the same charge, they need to make a start.Studies have shown that the distance between the protons in the nucleus so small that the repulsion between them simply does not arise.Moreover, bions, which are located between the protons, promote close cooperation and constant pull of the past together.
structure of the atomic nucleus is still conceals many mysteries.They are key not only to help humanity to get to know the unit of the world, but also a qualitative breakthrough in science and technology.
