Groundwater - is water that are in solid, liquid or vapor in the upper layers of the earth's crust, deep in the rocks.They refer to the resources of the hydrosphere.The location of such domains water temperature ranges from minus to plus ninety-three thousand two hundred degrees, and the pressure in their thickness ranges from several to three thousand MPa.
Underground water resources are divided according to its location on the following:
- pore found in pebbles, sand and various clastic rocks;
- cracks or vein, occurring in sandstone and granite;
- Karst, located in gypsum, dolomite, limestone or other soluble rocks.
Gravitational or free water moves under the influence of gravity.In contrast to their associated hydro formed in rocks layers or horizons.
very first from the earth's surface is a layer that exists without pressure.It is called the "water table".Its depth is directly dependent on the geographical location of the area.Changing the bedding comes from the poles to the equatorial zone.
in European parts of Russia the average value of the depth of the horizon of the soil layer increases gradually from the northern regions to the south.If tundra groundwater are placed directly on the surface of the Earth's crust in the southern areas - at a depth of several tens of meters.Maximum depth of these water resources ranges from ten to twelve kilometers.
Underground waters are solutions, which include more than sixty chemicals, and various microorganisms.Basically these are hydro saturation gases.Water in the upper layers of the Earth's crust is divided into types depending on the degree of saturation of minerals.Distinguish:
- fresh;
- brackish;
- salted;
- underground brines.
origin of groundwater is reflected in their typical classification:
1. Infiltration layers formed by seepage of river, rain and melt water from the earth's surface.
2. Condensation horizons processes are the result of condensation of water vapor in the cracks or pores in the rock.
3. Sedimentation underground water resources are formed as a result of sedimentation geological type.They are usually buried waters, a maritime origin.It also applies ultrafresh layers located in the moraine deposits and halmeic pools.
4. Groundwater related to magmatic type, derived from magma, which took place the process of crystallization, as well as from the rocks as a result of metamorphism.
majority of quantitative and qualitative indicators (level of pressure, flow, gas, and chemical composition, temperature, etc.) of soil layers susceptible to both short-term and long-term changes, defining their common mode.Thus the greatest fluctuation characteristics appear at the shallow-lying aquifers.
hydropower resources are located in the upper layers of the earth's crust, are classified as renewable natural resources.In order to protect against depletion and pollution, to control the operation of, and to prevent the negative effects of water withdrawal is made during the monitoring of groundwater.The organization and management of these control measures is a direct responsibility of those entities that have received a license for the extraction and use of natural water resources.The production monitoring is also carried out a survey of the sanitary zone water intake.These studies are intended to identify the likely sources of groundwater contamination and recommend guilty of economic entities to eliminate the violations.
