We used to call mushrooms and boletus mushrooms that look great on the table set for dinner.But their true nature does argue that the lessons of botany, or in the case of rare "pseudo-scientific" conversations.The structure, mode of existence, much less reproduction of fungi for most of the population remain "a mystery."Yes, the theme of the special.Nevertheless, an educated man, it is desirable to have a minimum representation of everything.Is not it?
Description living organism
Before you get to the entertaining and confusing the theme "Ways of reproduction of fungi," let's find out what they are.This is important and very interesting.Looking ahead, we say that the reproduction of fungi - not an easy process.Its like that - two words can not describe.But let's order.Fungi are living organisms, which are inherent features and plants and animals.A symbiosis of both.The kingdom of huge!It includes mushrooms and mikoidy themselves (so-called gribopodobnye organisms).Currently, there are more than one hundred thousand of their species, but scientists believe that learned only a third of existing in nature.The hypothesis that can hardly be questioned, since the existence and reproduction of fungi, as it turns out, can be held in the most difficult and unimaginable conditions.Science has come to the conclusion that these organisms have no common roots with the plants.They originated from the particular micro-organisms living in the ocean.With plants mushroom brings the structure of the cell wall, the stationary, the ability to reproduce by spores, the synthesis of vitamins.Furthermore, they absorb nutrients from the soil.With animals, they also have in common.Namely fungi accumulate glycogen as stock excrete urea can not create their nutrients.
little about the structure of
to imagine a reproduction of fungi, it is necessary to know what they look like.It is not clear what will be recreated.Mushrooms mostly consist of vegetative body.This is not what we see and collect.This body really is a huge mass of thin colorless strands, called "mycelium" and "mycelium".It is divided into two parts.One is in the ground and is responsible for food.The second - close to the surface.This part deals with the formation of the reproductive organs (we call them mushrooms).Himself a living body can very cleverly adapt to the environment, altering the vegetative body.For example, parasites can take root in the "donor", draining it of nutrients.
method of reproduction fungus
Since this is a whole separate world of the living organisms that do not have "relatives" in an environment of animals and plants, and there he is in his own way.Reproduction of mushrooms can be sexual, asexual or vegetative.Some species give birth to their own kind budding.That is, there is practically all known methods of science.If we consider the details, here are the features and nuances.Thus, the asexual reproduction of fungi occur in the mycelium.A separate cell of this thread can form a single body.In addition to "continue the race," these organisms create special processes - reproductive organs.In fungi, it appears mainly in the warm wet period.Those elements that can develop a new body, called the Diaspora.
Vegetative reproduction of fungi
These organisms can occur even from a single cell, which is the diaspora.Most often, the mycelium is separated from the part that becomes an independent body.With this method of breeding is not needed body.In fungi just part of mycelium is separated from the core of the body, bud, so to speak.Because it grows a new one.Once the mycelium of some species can form oidii (bright threads of processes).Of these, there is a new body.This is a transitional form from the vegetative to the asexual reproduction.To see this process in nature does not happen.Everything happens in the soil (environment where growing mycelium).
Asexual reproduction
This process is more open.It is carried out by means of spores.They are very small and light.Do not sink in water, carried by the wind, stick to the fur of animals.And travel.Once in the right conditions, begin to develop.The debate is divided into resting and propagative, mobile and immobile.Lowly fungi are equipped with more aggressive mechanism of reproduction.They are characterized by controversy mobile, equipped with a flagellum.They can fly up to thousands of kilometers.Asexual reproduction of fungi, to which we are accustomed to, going through still dispute.They, too, are different.For simplicity, they divide by endogenous and exogenous.First formed in sporangia.Such a dispute dense shell.The amount depends on the type of fungus.Some fungi have only one spore (conidia).Methods of education are very diverse.For the most part they are formed at the tips of conidiophores.
Sexual reproduction
Here, too, there are variations.Sexual reproduction of fungi can be held in different ways, related to the formation of the zygote.One of them - gametogamiya.This method is typical for lower organized mushrooms.It can be interpreted as a fusion of two cells (gametes).In some species, they are the same, while others - differ by size.Even gametes differ in mobility.That is the nature of the "trained" on mushrooms, developing methods of reproduction.In these types of organisms, there is no traditional oogamy (fixed and mobile female male cells).Sexual reproduction of fungi can take the form of gametogamii.This method is typical for higher organisms.The most typical of sexual reproduction in fungi somatogamiya.The process consists in the fact that the spores germinate and merge envelopes, and then - nuclei.Because they develop a new organism.
About pileate mushrooms
theory, of course, interesting, but to understand the processes, it is desirable "feel" example.Consider the multiplication pileate mushrooms.They are something we can see and explore.The fact that people gather for human consumption, is called the fruit bodies.These mushrooms grow in order to organize the process of reproduction.In science they are called "spore bodies."They consist of caps and stems that are dense bundles of hyphae.Disputes are at the top.The cap has two branches.Top - dense, covered the painted skin.Beneath it hides the lower layer.In some species it is the plate, while others - roll.In this layer resting spores.For example, russula mushrooms and have a lamellar structure and butter mushrooms and boletus - tubular.In this layer matures to millions of spores.They poured into the soil, carried by wind or animals, insects, water.So the process of reproduction.
Why mushrooms cut, not pull
Since people collect "of sporulation," that unwittingly interfere in the process of reproduction of these organisms.If you just take "a bag of seeds," that the fungus will grow a new one.In fact, it is huge and creates not one but many "of spore."And when we break saffron and boletus, it causes great damage to the mycelium (mushroom itself).It takes a long time to restore it.It may happen that in this area it will not grow.Therefore, you need to carefully trim the stem, so as not to harm the mycelium.
It is interesting
scientists carefully studied these living organisms.They were not just watch them spend a lot of experimentation.Some of them plunged into shock.It is known that Japanese researchers have concluded that the reasonableness of yellow yeast.They conducted an experiment in which the body is forced to grow up in "Labyrinth", where they were hidden sugar.It turned out that yellow mold "remembers" the way in which getting to the goodies.Scion taken from this organism, growing straight to the place where the sugar!But this is just a simple mushroom, vegetatively propagated.
