Ask any student about who first toured the world, and you will hear: "Of course, Magellan."And few people begin to doubt those words.But Magellan organized the expedition, directed it, but could not complete the voyage.So who are the first explorer, travel around the world?
Travel Magellan
In 1516, a little-known nobleman Ferdinand Magellan came to the Portuguese King Manuel I with the idea to implement the plan of Columbus - to reach the Spice Islands, as it was called then the Moluccas, from the west.As you know, Columbus while "prevent" America, was on his way, he thought of the islands of Southeast Asia.
While the Portuguese had made sailing to the islands of the East Indies, but bypassing Africa and crossing the Indian Ocean.Therefore, a new way to these islands it was not needed.
History repeated itself mocked King Manuel Magellan went by the Spanish king and obtained his consent to organize the expedition.
September 20, 1519 a fleet of five ships sailed from the Spanish port of San Lucar de Barrameda.
satellites Magellan
No one disputes the historical fact that the first trip around the world made the expedition led by Magellan.On the vicissitudes of the way this dramatic expedition known according to Pigafetta, who kept a record of all the days of travel.Its participants were two captains, have repeatedly visited the islands of the East Indies: Barbosa and Serrano.
And especially in this campaign Magellan took his slave - Malay Enrique.He was captured in Sumatra and has long served faithfully Magellan.The expedition he was assigned the role of an interpreter, when they reached the Spice Islands.
Progress expedition
lost a lot of time to cross the Atlantic Ocean and pass through the rocky and narrow long strait, later received the name of Magellan, the travelers came to a new ocean.During this time, one of the ships sank, the other went back to Spain.It was discovered a conspiracy against Magellan.Tackles ships in need of repairs, and supplies of food and drinking water were running low.
ocean called the Pacific, first met a good tailwind, but later he became weaker and finally, just verse.People deprived of fresh food, not only dying of hunger, even though they had to eat and rats, and skin from the masts.The main danger was scurvy - storm all the navigators of the time.
Only March 28, 1521 they reached the island, whose inhabitants astonished Enrique answered the questions, speak their own language.This meant that Magellan and his companions arrived at the islands of the East Indies from the other side.And that Enrique - the very first traveler who travel around the world!He returned to his homeland, rounding the globe.
End expedition
April 21, 1521 Magellan was killed by intervening in the civil war of local leaders.It had the most bad consequences for his companions, who were forced to flee just to the islands.
Many of the men were killed or wounded.Of 265 members of the crew there are only 150, they only wanted to control two ships.
The islands Tidore they were able to get some rest, restock food, take on board spices and golden sand.
On the way back to Spain to send only the ship "Victoria" directed by Sebastian del Cano.Back at the port Lucar returned a total of 18 people!These people are the ones who first made a trip around the world.However, their names have not been preserved.But Captain del Cano and travel chronicler Pigafetta known not only for historians and geographers.
first Russian voyage around the world
chief of the first Russian world expedition was Ivan Kruzenshtern.This voyage took place in 1803-1806 gg.
Two sailing ship - the "Nadezhda" under the command of Krusenstern and "Neva" headed by his assistant Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - came from Kronstadt August 7, 1803.The main objective was to study the Pacific Ocean, and especially the mouth of the Amur.It was necessary to identify convenient parking space Russian Pacific Fleet and the best ways to supply routes.
expedition was not only of great importance for the formation of the Pacific Fleet, and made an enormous contribution to science.They were discovered new islands, but wiped off the map of the ocean a number of non-existent islands.The first systematic studies were initiated in the ocean.The expedition discovered Mezhpassatnye countercurrent in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, measure water temperature, salinity, determined by the density of water ... had to find out the causes of the glow of the sea, collected data on tides and weather of the components in the different areas of the oceans.
introduced significant refinement in the map of the Russian Far East coast of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula.For the first time put on it some of the Japanese islands.
members of the expedition and become those of the Russians, who first toured the world.
But for the majority of Russians, this expedition is known by the fact that "Hope" went to Japan, the first Russian mission headed by Rezanov.
great second (interesting facts)
Englishman Francis Drake became the second person to circumnavigate the globe in the 1577-1580 biennium.His Galleon "Golden Hind" was held for the first time from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific stormy strait, later named after him.This route is considered to be much more complicated than the Strait of Magellan due to constant storms, sea ice, abrupt weather changes.Drake became the man who first toured the world, rounding Cape Horn.Since then, among the sailors and started the tradition of wearing an earring in his ear.When was the Drake Passage, Cape Horn, leaving the right side, the earring was to be in the right ear, and vice versa.
For his services Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in person.It was he required to defeat his Spanish "Armada".
In 1766, the Frenchwoman Jeanne Barre became the first woman to sail around the world.To do this, she changed man and got on the ship Bougainville, went round the world expedition, as a servant.When the deception was revealed, despite its merits, Barre was landed in Mauritius and returned home on another ship.
second Russian world expedition led by FFBellingshausen and MPLazarev is famous for the fact that in the course of it in January 1820 was the discovery of Antarctica.
