Counter - is a natural resistance to the Reformation that swept Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries.Opposition has lost all sense of proportion of the Catholic Church was very strong and expanding more and more, covered many countries in Europe so quickly that the Vatican was forced to react and introduce retaliatory measures.
RESPONSE
Counter - it's a tough retaliation, which had aimed at strengthening the Catholic faith and to restore confidence in the institution of the popes.The blow Reformation shook the foundations of the Catholic Church, but to destroy it completely and prevented in time held the Counter-Reformation.Some historians believe that these two powerful movements represent the less advanced countries of the uprising against Italy, which at that time was highly intelligent free state.In support of this assertion is the fact that the indignation of the Catholic Church abuse started in Germany after the speech of Martin Luther, then swept France, England, Holland, Spain, the Czech Republic and Switzerland.Italy at the time was so hated that everyone forgot about it the birthplace of the Renaissance.Counter - This Italian-Spanish response to the neighbors.
main instrument of the Counter-Reformation
stop the protest movement has helped to create in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola Jesuit Order.The Italian side has put forward a worthy opponent such personalities as Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Huss.Perhaps the response of the Catholic Church would not be as effective, if not within herself the desire to own the Reformation and liberation from those sins, which it accused opponents.That is why the Counter-Reformation - it is also an attempt to inner rebirth of the Catholic Church.At her side were pretty powerful forces - the princes of southern Germany and Italy, the Emperor Charles V, the Holy Roman Empire, the Pope and the King of Spain, Philip II.Their main tools were monastic orders, the Inquisition and the Roman Curia.The Inquisition itself, causing the sale of indulgences, along with the largest popular discontent and outrage in 1542 was converted and became a direct papal submission.
Start Events
Counter-Reformation in Europe is a set of measures on the part of the Catholic Church to restore its prestige.In 1545 it was convened the Council of Trent.On the initiative of Paul III, the then Pope, in Trent's going XIX Ecumenical Council, went down in history as Serdikskogo.As the speech of Martin Luther nailed them followed their famous "95 Theses" to the door of the Wittenberg church is considered the beginning of the Reformation and the XIX Cathedral is the starting point of the Counter-Reformation.It ended in 1563, and undoubtedly strengthened the position of Catholicism.One of the most significant events of the cathedral, can significantly increase control over the minds of citizens, was the creation of the Index of prohibited books, only abolished in 1966 and lasted four centuries.Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe have their root causes and background, lurking in the depths of Catholicism and Christianity in general.
repentant sinner
Counter-Reformation in Europe is mainly based on the Jesuit Order, created in 1534 and legalized by Pope Paul III in 1540.About how much he did for the Counter-Reformation, says his main slogan - "The end justifies the means."Its effectiveness was explained by the Order of the device along military lines, severe discipline and obedience, the highest educational level of the Jesuits and their endless devotion to Catholicism.The Jesuits lived in the world and famous as his cruelty, and missionary activity.It is believed that the most ardent follower - a former inveterate sinner.According to Diderot, fanatic Loyola youth spent in wars and debauchery.The brutal persecution and physical extermination of heretics did the word "Jesuit" synonymous who represents cunning, treachery and baseness.Again fires blazed across Europe.One of them was burned in 1600 Giordano Bruno.
All is not lost
«Society of Jesus," Ignatius of Loyola, who fought for the purity of faith, stop the advance of Protestantism, and gave him to capture Italy, Spain, Austria.In France, after a bloody massacre of St. Bartholomew, which happened in 1572, when 30,000 were slaughtered Huguenots, established tolerance.Protestant steel Sweden, England, Prussia, Saxony and Denmark.Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe - the links of one chain, representing the religious wars.The dispute between the Protestant and the Catholic Church managed to finish only after the 30th soldiers.Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648, has balanced the rights of the church.The new religion considered the greatest sins of laziness, idleness and prodigality.It is fully consistent with the emerging capitalism.People planted the desire to make money and get rich, originated the competition.You can safely say that the Reformation and Counter-Reformation contributed to the emergence of new economic relations and the changing formations.In the camp, where Catholicism has handed over their positions, capitalism came much later.
