physical concept of "absolute zero" has a modern science is very important: it is closely linked with a concept such as superconductivity, the opening of which created a furor in the second half of the twentieth century.
To understand what is absolute zero, refer to the works of such famous physicists as D. Fahrenheit, Celsius A., J. Gay-Lussac and W. Thomson.They played a key role in the creation used until now the main temperature scales.
a temperature scale first proposed in 1714, German physicist G. Fahrenheit.At the same time of absolute zero, that is, the lowest point of the scale, the temperature of the mixture has been adopted, which included snow and ammonia.Another important factor was the normal temperature of the human body, which was equal to 1000. Accordingly, each division of the scale has been called "degrees Fahrenheit" and the scale itself - "Fahrenheit."
After 30 years, Swedish astronomer A. Celsius proposed a temperature scale where the main point was the temperature of melting ice and boiling point of water.This scale was named "Celsius", it is still popular in most countries of the world, including in Russia.
In 1802, while conducting his famous experiments, the French scientist J. Gay-Lussac found that the volume of the mass of gas at constant pressure is directly dependent on the temperature.But the most interesting was the fact that when the temperature is 10 centigrade, the amount of gas increases or decreases by the same amount.After making the necessary calculations, Gay-Lussac found that this value is equal to 1/273 of the volume of gas at a temperature of 0C.
From this followed the conclusion of the law: a temperature of -2730S is the lowest temperature to which even came close, it is impossible to achieve.It is this temperature is called "absolute zero."
Moreover, the absolute zero was the starting point for creating the absolute temperature scale, which actively took part in the British physicist William Thomson, also known as Lord Kelvin.
His primary research concerned the evidence that no body in nature can not be cooled lower than absolute zero.He has used the second law of thermodynamics, however, introduced them in 1848, the absolute temperature scale was named thermodynamic or "Kelvin scale."
In the following years and decades took place only a numerical specification of the concept of "absolute zero", which after numerous approvals was considered equal -273,150S.
It should also be noted that the absolute zero plays a very important role in the SI system.The fact is that in 1960, at the next General Conference on Weights and Measures unit of thermodynamic temperature - Calvin - was one of the six main units of measurement.This specifically stipulated that one degree Kelvin is numerically equal to one degree Celsius, but that's the starting point of "Kelvin" is considered to be absolute zero, that is -273,150S.
main physical sense of absolute zero is that, according to the basic laws of physics, at this temperature the energy of motion of elementary particles, such as atoms and molecules, is zero, and in this case, must stop any random motion of these sameparticles.At a temperature of absolute zero, the atoms and molecules must take a clear position in the main points of the crystal lattice, forming an orderly system.
Currently, using special equipment, the scientists were able to get the temperature just a few parts per million higher than absolute zero.To reach this same magnitude physically impossible due to the above-described second law of thermodynamics.
