Open is considered the economy of the country, where the majority of markets, spheres and sectors of the economy opened free access to foreign entities.In recent decades, as a result of changes in the world economy, most countries began to belong to the number of states with open economies.
most important indicators of economic openness - participation in world trade (specific value of exports and imports in the production, the amount of foreign trade quota), as well as the relative weight of foreign investments relative to domestic ones.For absolute indicators include, for example, the value of exports of goods (services) in cash per capita.In the US, the figure is more than 3200 dollars, Russia - about $ 700.
In the open nature of the global economy, the state regulates the development of the national economy with the help of t. N.tariff and nontariff barriers.It refers to the tariff increase in the amount of customs duties on imported goods.In 1948, between the countries - members of the World Trade Organization agreement was reached, since the beginning of the action and that today the level of customs duties fell from an average of 40% to 5-7%.Now leverage primarily serve non-tariff methods.
What is it?First of all - quotas.Foreign quota - a limitation imposed on the import or export of goods on their number or total cost.Quotas are set for a specific period and are as common (for public use) and special:
- natural carrying restrictions due to bandwidth, such as pipelines and port terminals;
- exceptional (introduced in emergency cases to protect the domestic market and national security);
- tariff (limited number of goods imported at a reduced rate or free of duty. The goods that are imported in excess of the limit, taxed at the full rate);
- export and import.
export quota - a limited volume of exports of a product.It is usually administered in the countries specializing in the export of raw materials in particular as a measure of price stabilization.Thus, the export quota is a quantitative indicator of the importance for the national economy export certain types of products or raw materials.It is calculated for a given period as a percentage of the volume of exported goods (quantity or value) to the value of the domestic production.
When voluntary restriction of exports export quota is usually established by a bilateral agreement or international agreement.
Such an agreement may determine the share of each country in the export of a particular product (eg oil).Also, the export quota can be introduced by the government in order to:
- adequate filling of the internal market of these products;
- export restrictions and stabilize the price of goods on the domestic market;
- to ensure the equilibrium of the trade balance and the protection of national industrial interests;
- regulation processes of supply and demand of the domestic market;
- preservation of natural resources;
- in response to discrimination in trade policies of other countries.
import quotas to avoid dependence on imports in the case of reduction of stocks of essential products (due to weather or other conditions) and serves as a tool in negotiations on exports of national products.
Quota system is more flexible and progressive tool of foreign policy than changes in tariffs, as recently established national legislation and international agreements to the same quota makes it impossible to increase sales by lowering prices.In addition, by quoting the state can support certain producers and industry.
Licensing of foreign trade can act as part of a quota, or as an independent instrument of influence.License (government authorization) may be issued for transactions imports and exports, or their volume.It used it for a certain period in respect of goods of national importance and in some other cases.In the Russian Federation subject to licensing the right to export goods under the quota, as well as import and export of certain goods for special purposes (military, precious stones and metals, and others.)
