Political repression - it is a cruel and bloody period in the history of the fatherland.It comes at a time when the country was headed by Joseph Stalin.Victims of political repression in the Soviet Union - the millions of people who have been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment or death.Researchers have noted extremely negative consequences, which have had events 1920-1950-ies.First of all, in the years of political repressions affect the integrity of the Soviet society, its demographic structure.
essence of terror
mass political repressions took place in the period from 1937 to 1938.This period is also called the "Great Terror".According Medushevsky, these measures can be called essential social tool for the establishment of the Stalinist regime.The researcher believes that there are several different approaches to explaining and understanding the essence of the "Great Terror", the impact of various factors, the institutional framework, the origins of his plan.The decisive role, of course, belongs to the principal punitive authority of the country - GUGB NKVD and Stalin.
Features regime
political repression, as many Russian modern historians, for the most part, not only violated the existing legislation, but the Basic Law - the Constitution.In particular, the controversy was to create extra-judicial bodies in large quantities.The characteristic can be considered, and that the disclosure of the archives of a significant number of documents signed by Stalin himself.This indicates that almost all the political repression were authorized by them.
Strengthening the power of Stalin
Political repressions 30's began to acquire a wide scale with the beginning of industrialization and collectivization of farms.Of great importance and gain personal power of Stalin.Political repression touched scientists.For example, dozens of them have been convicted in the case "of the Academy of Sciences".In 1932 four writers were sent into exile for participating in the "Siberian brigade."Hundreds of officers who served in the Red Army, were arrested.All of them took place in the case of "Spring".In the same period of political repression carried out against the "nationalist deviators."
situation in the Republic
in the Tatar and Crimean Autonomous Republic were arrested, some executives.They were held in the case of "Sultan-Galyiv group of counter-revolutionaries", in which the principal was declared Sultan-Galiev - Tatar communist.Private traders have been sentenced to death, which was subsequently replaced by a detention order for 10 years.In Belarus, in 30-31 years.They were sentenced representatives of the governing apparatus of the country.They were charged in connection with the "Union of Liberation", which also took place on the 86 scientific and cultural figures.In the spring of the 30th year in Ukraine was an open process.In the case of "Union of Liberation of the Republic" took place more than 40 people.At the head of the accused was Efremov - Vice President AUAS.As mentioned in the charges, "Union for the Liberation of the Republic" was aimed to overthrow the Soviet government and turn Ukraine into a country controlled by and dependent on one of the neighboring bourgeois foreign countries.All involved in the case pleaded guilty.Taking into account the confession and repentance of the defendants, the death penalty has been replaced by their 8-10 years of imprisonment.Nine people received a term of probation.In Kharkov, in the case of "military organization of Ukraine" took place 148 participants.In connection with this process, was arrested in Moscow in 1934, the year Poloz.He held the post of deputy chairman of the Budget Commission of the CEC of the USSR.In the 20s he worked Poloz ambassador of Ukraine in Moscow, the USSR People's Commissar of Finance and Chairman of the State Planning Commission.He was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.
"General cleaning" of the CPSU (b)
It was carried out in 33-34 years, and then resumed in May 35th.During the cleaning of the party, which included 1,916,500 members were excluded 18.3%.At the end of the process began to spend "party verification of documents."It lasted until December 35 of the year.In the course of this work, it added another 10-20 thousand arrested.From January to September the 36th, the wire "replacement documents."In fact, it was a continuation of started "cleansing" of 33-35 years.In the first place, are brought to justice are excluded from the party.The peak of the arrests took place in the years 37-38.Victims of political repression in the Soviet Union in the last two years have been very numerous.During this period, it was arraigned more than 1.5 million people to death sentenced 681,692 convicted.
Moscow Trials
the period from 1936 to 1938 took place the consideration of three large cases.I consider the activities of members of the CPSU (b) relating to the 20-30s on the right or the Trotskyist opposition.Abroad, these things called "Moscow trials".The arrested was charged with cooperating with Western intelligence agencies for the murder of Stalin and other Soviet leaders, the destruction of the USSR, the restoration of the capitalist system and bringing harm to various economic sectors.The first trial took place in 1926, in August.The accused parties "Trotsky-Zinoviev Center".The main convicts were Kamenev and Zinoviev.In addition to the other charges, he was charged with the murder of Kirov and plotting against Stalin.The second case of "parallel anti-Soviet Trotskyite Center" touched 17 smaller executives in 1937.The main accused were then Sokolnikov, Pyatakov and Radek.By the death of 13 people were sentenced, and the rest were sent to torture camps, which soon died.The third process took place in 1938, from the 2nd to the 13th of March.21 accused party "right Trotskyist block".The main convicts were Rykov and Bukharin.In 1928-29 they were headed "right opposition".
"Case Tukhachevsky"
This process took place in 1937, in June.He was sentenced a group of officers of the Red Army, including Tukhachevsky.They were attributed to the organization of preparations for a military coup.After some time, the Soviet leadership were carried out mass purges in command of the Red Army.It should be noted that five of the eight members of the Special Judicial Commission, sentenced to death convicted of "Tukhachevsky", were also arrested later.This, in particular, Kashirin, Alksnis, Dybenko, Belov, Blucher.
torture to obtain confessions used rather harsh measures.Almost all of them were sanctioned by Stalin personally.During the period of "Khrushchev thaw" of the Soviet Prosecutor's Office audited some of the political affairs and group processes.During her were cases falsification when "necessary" had been obtained using torture.Illegal repression, torture of prisoners was quite common.So, for example, there is evidence that a candidate member of the Politburo Eikhe during interrogation was broken spine, and Blucher died from the effects of systematic beatings.Stalin himself (evidenced by historical records) strongly recommended the use of beatings to extract confessions.
Act "On victims of political repressions"
It was adopted in 1991, on 18 October.Since its entry into force, and to 2004 it was rehabilitated more than 630-thousand people.Some prisoners, for example, many held senior positions in the NKVD, the persons who participated or had attitude to terrorism and committed non-political crimes, were recognized as "not subject to rehabilitation."In general, it was considered more than 970-thousand applications.
Memory
in Russia and other former republics are once part of the USSR, held annually the Day of Victims of Political Repression.Thirtieth October organized rallies, various cultural and educational activities.On the Day of Victims of Political Repression country remembers the victims were tortured, shot people, many of them brought in their time of great benefit domestic and might bring it on.This, in particular, is a team composed of the country's military, scientific and cultural figures.Many schools organize "live lessons" of history.Until recently, they were frequent meetings with the surviving witnesses of these events, their children, in memory of which there is a terrible time.The main events are held at the Solovetsky Stone (Lubyanka Square) and at the Butovo firing range.Rallies and marches in St. Petersburg.The main events are held at Trinity Square and Levashovskaya wasteland.
