Metabolism - is an essential component of the life of the organism.It involves several processes.Energy metabolism involves cleavage of organic matter and release of chemicals and energy connections.It is noted that it further allocation is made partly in the form of heat.The other part is reserved in ATP molecules.
stages of energy metabolism in animals
first stage - preparatory.Energy metabolism begins with penetration into the human food or animal in the form of complex macromolecular elements.Before penetrate into tissue and cells is the destruction of these compounds to low molecular weight.
hydrolytic decomposition of organic substances is carried out with water.This process takes place in the digestive tract (multicellular), at the cellular level (lysosomes), digestive vacuoles (unicellular) under the action of certain enzymes.
proteins in humans and animals are split in the stomach and duodenum to amino acids.This process is influenced peptidgidrolaz (chymotrypsin, trypsin, pepsin).Even in the mouth begins the process of splitting polysaccharides.This enzyme is involved ptyalin.Further cleavage of polysaccharides occurs under the influence of amylase in the duodenum.Here comes the breakdown of fats.This process affects the lipase.The energy that is released thereafter distributed in the form of heat.
Energy metabolism includes flow of nutrients into the blood and transport them to all cells and organs.In cells, they penetrate into the cytoplasm directly or lysosome.If substances are broken down in lysosomes at the cellular level, they are delivered directly into the cytoplasm.This step involves the preparation of the compounds to the intracellular degradation.
the second stage, the energy exchange is the anoxic oxidation.The processes taking place at the same time the absence of oxygen, at a cellular level.Oxidation takes place in the cell cytoplasm.One of the key elements to ensure the energy exchange, is glucose.Other organic compound (amino acid, glycerol, fatty acids) are included in the process of transformation in different stages.
splitting of glucose without oxygen is called glycolysis.This compound undergoes several successive transformations.First, there is its transformation into fructose.Glucose fosfoliruetsya - activated by two molecules of ATP turning into fructose-diphosphate.Field of hexahydric molecule decomposes into two three-carbon carbon molecules glycerophosphate.As a result, several reactions is their oxidation.Thus molecules lose two hydrogen atoms, turning eventually into a molecule of pyruvic acid.The result of these reactions is synthesized four molecules of ATP.As for the initial activation of the glucose has been used two ATP molecules, the overall result is formed 2ATF.The liberated thus the cleavage of the glucose energy is partially reserved and partly released in the form of heat.
In the third stage, the breath (biological oxidation).This step is only possible under the influence of oxygen.In this regard, it is called oxygen.This process takes place in the mitochondria.
In general conditions (basic) metabolism of energy costs (on average) for an adult is about 24 kcal / kg / day.In calculating the average person on the daily consumption of 1,500 calories for women and 1,700 calories for men.In patients with a different profile pathology energy demand a day may increase two to threefold.
