medieval state of the Golden Horde was created in 1224.Under the rule of Khan Meng-Timur it received independence and only formally dependent on the emperor.What is the history of the Golden Horde?What are its boundaries?And what was the way of life?Try to understand.
origin of the name
in the eastern sources, as well as in the Golden Horde, the name of a single state could not be found.There were a number of additional designations with "ulus" or the names of the owners of the land.In Russia the phrase "Golden Horde" first met in 1566 in the book "History of Kazan".Before that, Russian sources have used only the word "Horde", which usually means a mobile army camp.There were other names of the state - the Tatars, the Company, the Earth Tatars Tatars.
«Polovtsian steppe»
In Northern Altai to the III century BC, tribes lived, called Kipchak (according to the chronicle - Polovtsy).In the period from VII to VIII century, they were subject to Turkic khanate, and later became part of the western part of Kimek Khanate.After releasing the power of the state (starting from the XI century) replaced the Pechenegs and Kipchaks northern Oguz, taking their land.Soon, the tribe became the owner of the Great Steppe from the Danube to the Irtysh.This area of land was called Dasht-i-Kipchak.Subsequently, it was divided into two parts.Its western area owned Bonyak Khan and east - Togur Khan.
Revival and the defeat of Dasht-i-Kipchak
With the advent of the wise and warlike Khans territory Kipchak significantly expand and strengthen.Different nationalities, were part of the Great Steppe were combined, significantly increased the number of inhabitants.Was established feudal hierarchy, which was headed by Khan, his right hand was the Sultan, the next most important position was held by Beck.The final stage was the title of Bi.Classification strictly enforced.
When began the invasion of the Mongols in the Eastern Europe, the Kipchaks did not stay aside and took the fight.In 1223 the tribe lost the battle.Soon the Great Steppe was the main ground of the Golden Horde.
Education Ulus
State Golden Horde was one of the largest areas of the Middle Ages.Established in 1243 it is the son Jochi - Batu Khan.One of the few sources of information at the time was the Laurentian Chronicle.It tells of the arrival of the Grand Prince Yaroslav the Khan Batu for the label to reign in summer 1243.The case shows that Khan has been in charge of the new state.After the death of Batu came to power Berke.He conducted a census of the entire population of Russia and other ulus, and paid special attention to the improvement of military training of soldiers.
Under the rule of his grandson Batu Meng-Timur, the Golden Horde became independent, had its own coin.His son, the tenth - Uzbek Khan, began to gather the meeting, which addressed issues of governance of the state.They involved close relatives and influential temniki.Before you pass the issue to the khan, it decided by the Council, which consisted of four ulus emirs.Uzbek Khan has ordered local authorities and conducted centralized government.The rulers of the Golden Horde were distinguished for their wisdom.
borders
of the Golden Horde were the following areas: Western Siberia, the Crimea, the Volga region, the western part of Central Asia.The state was divided into two parts - Ak or the White Horde, and the Cock (Blue).The capital of the Golden Horde in the period from XIII to XV century - Sarai-Batu.Uzbek Khan shifted the center of a vast territory in the Saray-Berke.The structure of the state to about 150 cities, 32 of them carried coinage.
Arab sources XIV-XV centuries describe the boundaries of the Golden Horde under Khan Uzbeks as follows: "The kingdom of it lies in the north-east and stretches from the Black Sea to the Irtysh in length by 800 farsahs, and in width from Derbentado Bulgar approximately 600 farsahs".Map of China dating from the year 1331, includes the following lands in the Jochi Ulus: Russia, the Volga region with the city of Bulgar, with the city Solkhat Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Khorezm settlements, Sairam, Barchakend, Jenda.As seen in the territory that belonged to Khan Uzbek, he was huge.
Life Tatars
people in Ulus Jochi is mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as various handicrafts.The military part of the Golden Horde was impressive, the soldiers were engaged in increasing their skills.Wise rulers, such as the Khan Uzbek, Janibek, Tokhtamysh, could significantly increase the level of development of the state.Cities differ majolica and mosaic monumental architecture.During the reign of the khans poetry flourished, the most famous representatives were Kotb, Khwarizmi, Saif Sarai.Influence of the Golden Horde was manifested in active trade with many countries.For example, China imported cotton, silk, porcelain, glass and Crimea brought weapons, and Russia - fur, skin, walrus tusks and bread.Exported jewelry, ceramics, glass and bone objects and many more.
Start destruction Jochi Ulus
Since the end of the XIV century the Golden Horde began to disintegrate.Mainly because of the religious beliefs began to destroy the Tatar elite, began repression.After the death of Khan Uzbek seized the throne of his middle son - Janibek.He reigned for long.After his death in 1357 came to power, his brother Muhamet-Bardybek.Began feuding.For 18 years, the rulers of the Golden Horde were replaced 25 times.The state was divided into independent khanate with centers in Kazan, Astrakhan, Sarah, and formed Mesherskoye Khanate.In this difficult period of warlord Mamai began to acquire power, and in 1377 he finally captured it.The leader was not recognized by the people of the Golden Horde and White, as well as the Cossacks and Nogais, so was forced to seek support.And I found it in the person of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello.Since the war with Moscow and the elite of the Golden Horde.The outcome of the struggle with the Russian princes was the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, in which Mamai lost.After the defeat, he again begins to gather the troops.At this time, there is another conqueror.
Board Tokhtamysh and Tamerlane
advantage of the internecine war and unite the tribes of Turkmens, Tamerlane subjugates the White Horde.After receiving the news of the loss of Mamaia in the Battle of Kulikov, he sends his trusted commander against Tokhtamysh.Last conquer Shed and went to Mamaia, who was killed during the battle.Tokhtamysh became Khan of the Golden Horde.He restored the national religion and the idea of the unity of its people.So back the influence of the Golden Horde.Han wanted to complete submission of the Russian population and organized military campaigns.During his reign Tokhtamysh destroyed Moscow, Serpukhov, Kolomna, Pereslavl.Entrenched in their power, Khan became negative about his mentor Tamerlane, who did not tolerate arrogance, and attacked the Golden Horde.The Tartars, without hesitation, came to the defense of their territories.After a long struggle Tamerlane won.Some of the defeated state was ruined.Several years later, the fight broke out again, and again defeated the Tatars.Tamerlane put the Golden Horde Khan Meng-Kutluk.
The collapse of the great state
After the death of the chief of Khan Golden Horde Khanate are as follows: Sarai, Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimean Cossack.Cossack state was considered independent, it did not extend the power of Khan.In 1438 it declared its independence and the Kazan Khanate.Its ruler of Kichi-Makhmet expressed a desire to be the main khan of the Golden Horde.Civil war began.For the basic power of the khans of Sarai began to fight, the Crimean and Kazan.
great influence on the event was to provide the Sultan of Turkey.So he appointed Khan Mengli Crimea Giray.Sultan extended his rule not only on the Crimean Khanate, but also on the territory of Kazan.Mengli Gray continued to struggle with the rulers of the Golden Horde.In 1502, he joined the fight with Shih-Ahmed and won the war.The capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai Batu, was destroyed.The once great state has ceased to exist.
What happened next with a vast territory?At that time we became isolated new peoples - Kazakhs, Nogai and Crimean Tatars, Bashkirs and others.In all the countries of the former Golden Horde preserved the tradition of inheritance of power.At the head of governments of various autonomous regions stood steppe elite - Genghis Khan.Some of their people Sultans did not have, so they were invited from the Kazakh Khanate.Inheriting the throne rulers "white bones" for a long time did not change.In the XV century formed the following States: the Nogai Horde, Crimean, Uzbek, Kazan, Siberian, the Kazakh Khanate.In the XVI century Ivan the Terrible took Kazan State took the Astrakhan Khanate and Nogai capital - Shed.In 1582 Ermak and his party captured the Siberian Cossack state.Since that time Russia began to expand its territory, conquering more and more number of cities of the former Golden Horde.
Emblem Golden Horde
One republished ancient sources of the XVII century "On zachinanii sign and banners, or ensign," he writes: "... And at the same time to inflict even between the Romans and Caesar great battles and Cesar thrice beaten the Romans and took themTwo banner, that is to say two eagles.And from that started at Tsesaryane have a banner in the sign and print double-headed eagle. "In modern parlance, the Byzantine Empire was at war with the Romans.And won the fight.As the winner, the state arrogated to itself the flag of losing the empire.In 1273 beklyarbek Nogay married the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Palaeologus Euphrosyne.Before the wedding, he received the Orthodox faith.Herb was a double-headed eagle of Byzantium, which Nogay recognized emblem of the Golden Horde.During the reign of the khans Uzbek Janibek and on the coins of the state actively used the image of the new coat of arms.
was another emblem, which are often found during archaeological excavations.It depicted a bird with a swastika on his chest.This emblem of the Golden Horde was present on the ring and on the throne of Genghis Khan.The swastika is the personification of the sun, happiness and life.Her image was used on belts, carpets, clothes.The symbol was considered a religious sign with a large force.
emblem of the Great Steppe and Astrakhan province
If you look at these two symbols: the emblem of Russia - the emblem of the Golden Horde, you can see that they are very similar.In 1260, the city was built Tsarev, which is the capital of the Horde.Another of his name - Saray-Berke.The coat of arms of the Golden Horde was an image of a crown (trefoil), under which there is a saber (the crescent moon).Together form a cross, the crescent and the sun is a common religious symbol of secession adherents of Islam.In the period of feudal fragmentation of state power passed to the kingdom of Astrakhan, and together with it and the emblem of the Golden Horde.Photos of similar posters available today at the disposal of historians, confirm the decision of his Astrakhan.But is there another symbol of this great state.
Golden Horde.The coat of arms and flag
State Golden Horde has not only the arms, and the flag.The latter was a black image of an owl on a yellow shield (some historians believe that it was one more coat of arms).There are a number of manuscripts that mention of this banner.For example, "World Geography" Dutch flag table beginning of the XVIII century, the "Book" Marco Polo.It meets another symbol - a black dragon on a yellow background.This logo is also treated by some historians to the flag of the Golden Horde.Considered the banner of the ancient state and the image of a red crescent on the crown.The flag used by black and yellow colors.
True story is always based on the evidence found.Unfortunately, Jochi Ulus existed for a long time, many sources have been lost or destroyed.At issue is the existence of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the role actually played Great Khanate.But what we can be sure, so that the history of the Golden Horde and Russia is closely intertwined.Many customs and items were adopted from each other and are still in use.
