Questions "What is the matter?", "What is the nature of matter?" Always been humanity.Since ancient times, philosophers and scientists have searched for the answers to these questions, creating as realistic and absolutely amazing and fantastic theories and hypotheses.However, just a century ago, humanity has come to this mystery as close as possible, revealing the atomic structure of matter.But what is the nucleus of an atom?What is all?
From theory to reality
By the early twentieth century, atomic structure ceased to be only a hypothesis, and became an absolute fact.It turned out that the nucleus of an atom - the concept is very difficult.It consists of electric charges.But the question arose: an atom and atomic nucleus include different amounts of these charges or not?
Planetary model
originally imagined that the atom is built very similar to our solar system.However, it turned out rather quickly that this idea is not entirely true.The problems of a purely mechanical transfer astronomical scale picture in the region, which takes millionths of a millimeter, resulted in a significant and rapid changes in the properties and qualities of phenomena.The main difference is a much more stringent laws and regulations, which built the atom.
Disadvantages planetary model
Firstly, because the atoms of one element type and the parameters and properties must be exactly the same, then the orbits of the electrons of the atoms must also be the same.However, the laws of motion of celestial bodies are not able to give answers to these questions.The second contradiction is that the motion of the electron in its orbit, if we apply it to the well-studied physical laws must be accompanied by a permanent release of energy.As a result of this process would lead to the depletion of the electron, which eventually would zatuhnul and even fell to the core.
Wave Structure of Matter and
In 1924, a young nobleman, Louis de Broglie put forward the idea, which turned the presentation of the scientific community on issues such as the structure of the atom, the composition of atomic nuclei.The idea was that the electron - is not just a moving ball which rotates around the core.This fuzzy substance that moves according to the laws, reminiscent of the wave propagation in space.Pretty soon this idea spread to any movement of the body as a whole, explaining that we see only one side of the movement itself, but the second is not actually manifested.We can see the propagation of waves and not notice the movement of the particles, or vice versa.In fact, both these sides, there is always movement and rotation of the electron in orbit - it is not only the movement of the charge, but also the propagation of waves.This approach is radically different from that adopted earlier planetary model.
elemental basis
nucleus of an atom - the center.Around him, and electrons revolve.The properties of the nucleus is caused by anything else.To speak of such a thing as the composition of the atomic nucleus must be a very important point - with charge.In the composition of the atom is observed a certain number of electrons, which carry a negative charge.The very same nucleus has a positive charge.From this we can draw some conclusions:
- kernel - a positively charged particle.
- Around the core is a pulsing atmosphere created by the charges.
- That nucleus and its characteristics determine the number of electrons in the atom.
Properties kernel
copper, glass, iron, wood have the same electrons.An atom can lose an electron pair or even all.If the nucleus is positively charged, then it is able to attract the right amount of negatively charged particles coming from other bodies that will allow him to survive.If an atom loses a certain number of electrons, the positive charge of the nucleus is greater than the balance of the negative charges.In this case the whole atom acquire overcharging and can be called a positive ion.In some cases, the atom can attract more electrons, and then it becomes negatively charged.Therefore, it can be called a negative ion.
How heavy atom ?
mass of the atom is determined mainly by the kernel.Electrons, which are part of the atom and atomic nucleus, Me weigh one thousandth of the total weight.Since mass is considered a measure of the stored energy, which has substance, that fact is considered to be extremely important in the study of this issue as part of the nucleus of an atom.
Radioactivity
most complex questions emerged after the discovery of X-rays.Radioactive elements emit alpha-, beta- and gamma waves.But this should be a source of radiation.Rutherford in 1902 showed that this source is the atom itself, or rather, the kernel.On the other hand, the radioactivity - is not only the emission of rays, and a translation of one element to another, with a completely new chemical and physical properties.That is, the radioactivity - this change in the kernel.
What we know about nuclear structure?
Almost a hundred years ago, physicist Prout has put forward the idea that the elements in the periodic table are not incoherent forms, as are combinations of hydrogen atoms.Therefore, one might expect that the charges and masses of the nuclei will be expressed in terms of the whole and multiple charges of hydrogen.However, this is not true.By studying the properties of atomic nuclei by means of electromagnetic fields, the physicist Aston found that elements whose atomic weights are not integer multiples and, in fact - a combination of different atoms and not a single substance.In all cases, when the atomic weight is not an integer, we see a mixture of different isotopes.What it is?If we talk about the structure of the atomic nucleus, isotopes - atoms of the same charge but different masses.
Einstein and the atomic nucleus
theory of relativity says that mass - is not a measure by which determine the amount of matter and energy measure, which has the matter.Accordingly, the matter can not measure the mass and charge, which makes this matter, and an energy charge.When the same charge close to another such energy will increase otherwise - decrease.It certainly does not mean a change of matter.Accordingly, from this point of the atomic nucleus - this is not an energy source, but rather, the residue after its release.So, there is a contradiction.
Neutrons
Curies when bombarded with alpha particles of beryllium discovered some strange rays that collide with the nucleus of an atom repel it with great force.However, they are able to pass through a greater thickness material.This contradiction is resolved by the fact that the particle was the neutral electric charge.Accordingly, it and called a neutron.Through further research it was found that the mass of the neutron is almost the same as that of the proton.Generally speaking, the neutron and proton are incredibly similar.In view of this discovery certainly it could establish that the part of the nucleus of an atom consists of protons and, and neutrons, and in equal amounts.All gradually getting into place.The number of protons - atomic number.The atomic weight - the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons.Isotope can also call the element in which the number of neutrons and protons would not be equal to each other.As mentioned above, in this case, although the element remains virtually the same, its properties may change substantially.
