historian usually has to deal with the phenomena of the past, resulting in the possibility of direct observation of their course it does not have.However, research should be carried out objectively, impartially, without opportunistic approach to their evaluation.To achieve this only allows thorough work with historical sources.
General
At school students are taking up some historical sources (Grade 5).Under the program, children are given some initial information on a subject.The study of historical sources involves not only getting to know them.During the training process, students evaluate, compare information obtained from different authors.
Terminology
By Kliuchevskii, historical sources are a particular category of monuments.They reflect the extinct life and whole societies, and individuals.Because of this or that information is supplemented by the story.Historical sources may reflect how the process of formation and development of society.According to the definition that gives Tikhomirov, we can say that survived in one form or another information are the remains of life in the past.According to one of the scientific interpretations of historical sources contain information about real events in public life and human activity that occurred in the previous century.Combining these definitions, you can get a general concept.Historical sources are Russian cultural objects and documents reflecting directly the processes of the past.They recorded the occurred event and certain facts.Next, consider what are the historical sources.
Species
study of historical sources is carried out in the framework of a special science.Discipline also explores methods of detecting them, give praise.This science is called "Chronology".Within the discipline stands out several categories of data studied.The following types of historical sources:
- Ethnographic.
- phonons and photographs.
- Real.
- Writing.
This is a major historical sources.They represent the most accessible events of the past.Speaking of which there are historical sources, we should mention the visual and behavioral variations.
Real
above items was a classification of historical sources.Depending on which category applies to a particular object is selected, and a method for its investigation.For example, working with a real kind of historical sources is carried out within a science of archeology.To this category are any objects of the past, dishes, household items, crafts, tools, clothing, jewelry, treasures, burials, coins and stuff.It should also be said that examines archeology and other types of historical sources.These include, in particular, the photographic and conventional instruments.Analysis of historical source allows you to restore one or another period of mankind.Researching information, experts reconstruct the socio-economic development of society.
ancient written historical source
This category includes literary monuments particular era.For example birch bark.Among the documents found in Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov and other cities, there are letters from the administrative nature of the feudal lords to dependent people, applications from farmers, reports written by the village chiefs, usury and economic records, drafts of wills.Also found among the papers there are posts of the military and political content, legal status, student exercises.
One of the main documents of the past
The above classification of historical sources is considered to be total.Each category has its subgroups.Thus, the written sources are not only birch bark, but also history.Recent they considered one of the main documents of the past.Considering the ancient written historical source, it must be said that it remained credible information about the life of people of previous centuries.The works have a text structure represented in the form of presentation of events over the years.
Scripts in Russia was preceded by oral tradition.It was the guardian of the people directly.The first chronicles, which appeared in Russia, were able to gather information about the past few centuries.As a result, they have been recreated previous chronology of events.The Old historical source contains information about the campaigns, the city's founding treaties.The works are the actual characteristics of the princes, talked about resettling tribes.Knowledge passed down from generation to generation.Through analysis of historical sources, the researchers concluded that all of the information the authors drew from folklore.And this is understandable.Legends, songs, legends, fairy tales are great unwritten history of ancient Russia.
ancient chronicles as a historical source
The documents extant preserved numerous remains of stories, songs and legends.Using them, the scribes of ancient Russia made up for the lack of material on the history of their land.That's folklore became the basis for the restoration of the chronology of events of the past.The works consisted of verbal consciousness of the people, allowed to grow and develop chronicles.Age, directly adjacent to the work of the first authors of IX and X centuries, gave a much more material, borrowed from folklore, rather than the previous.
Knowledgebase
is easy to distinguish between the main types of products that were used in the preparation of descriptions of the weather.One of the most important are the numerous legends.These works have been associated with cities, villages, cemeteries, tracts, common throughout the Russian plain.It is significant that the earliest memories are very closely linked to the pre-Christian, pagan cult of ancestors.However, the closer to the time of life the authors themselves, the more traceable historical information and clearly stands out interest in the past of the country.Consciousness of the people at the same time becoming more intense and is introduced into the chronological framework.
form works
type and nature of the arches, which are clothed in the ancient written sources have their own characteristics.Form arches, in particular, has been closely connected with the consciousness of the authors.Medieval works were composed mainly to preserve the original text as a base in the new document.Readers interested in those days not the realism of the image and the reality itself.They were attracted by it and the documentary chronicles the events.At the same time the reader is often taken for reality tales of miracles, events, signs and other phenomena.
Features presentation
Old Russian historians give new author's texts on contemporary events for them.The story went on the phenomenon that the author was a witness.Proceedings are constantly supplemented, joined to the text of the new record.Until the XVI century, the story did not contain periods ended - it lasted until the time in which he lived chronicler.Each author has tried to bring the product to the "prince of this."The final records are the features valuable material.In them the author was not writing excerpts of previous works, and present their own ideas.That is why the ancient written historical source actually has no conclusion.The end product was always some kind of elusive, blending smoothly into the present.The story, "live up" can be defined as a kind of perception that affected the shape of the arches.This transition from the past to the present is a mix of old, valuable documentary material, and new records to the events of contemporary authors.
Drafting descriptions
authors, creating works that took care mainly about how to put their hands in the works of their predecessors.Equally important for them, and had a variety of historical documents.These include, in particular, letters, contracts, wills princes, lives of saints, stories and more.After all the available material was collected, in some cases, very diverse and numerous, and sometimes two or three pieces, was the author of the description of the weather.Chronicle joined a year to a year.The author sought to avoid repetitions.He possessed a summary of the year they live, the life of a saint - by the date of his death.The materials could be a historical novel, exciting few years.In this case, the author breaks it into periods, each placing a certain year.This arrangement made it possible to make changes to the chronicler described every year.
This work can not be called mechanical.The author had in some cases eliminate the contradictions encountered, to carry out quite complex chronological studies for precise placement of data over the years.Chronicler could not miss any event, based on, for example, of their political views, or make a selection of news.In some works can be found brief comments originator.But at the same time the author does not invent anything new.Upon completion of the chronicler svodchika proceeded to describe the events of his day.
class painting works
ancient written historical source - is not only a set of narratives of the past.The works were recorded and a variety of ideology.From the very beginning of its existence, the class received a coloring book of the chronicles of a certain character.The work was a kind of monument.The document was drawn up in the higher strata of ancient society, mainly in the circles close to the prince.In this regard, the central figures in the works become feudal lords bishops and princes.The chronicler kept turning its attention towards the upper society.
Laurentian description
This record is dated 1377 year.In compiling the monk attended Lawrence and some other authors.The work is presented in the form of parchment manuscripts.It contains a copy of the code of 1305.Led by a group of monks copyists in 1377 this work was on the instructions of Prince Dmitry (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod).It starts with the lyrics of "The Tale of Bygone Years" and ends with the year 1305.In the absence of a certain product of years.Code of 1305 contains information about events that occurred during the period when the great prince of Vladimir was Michael Yaroslavovich.It is based on the story in 1281, enlarged in 1282-m.Laurentian Chronicle was compiled in the Annunciation Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod or Vladimir Nativity parish.In 1792 it was acquired AI Musin-Pushkin and subsequently presented to Alexander the Great.Later, the manuscript was handed over to the Public Library (now the Saltykov-Shchedrin).There she kept to this day.
Ipatyevsky set
This manuscript is considered the oldest monument, one of the early works of the chronicle.His name was set at the location of the list in Kostroma in the Ipatiev Monastery.As part of the three parts of the manuscript.First is the "Tale of Bygone Years", the second - Kiev chronicle of the end of the XII century, and the third contains predominantly Galicia-Volyn narrative.Ipatyevsky set is considered a valuable product, which contains the description of events in the southwestern part of the country end of the XIII century.A distinctive feature of the chronicle is a secular style of some stories.For many of the Galician-Volyn narratives characteristic bright, figurative language, through which you can set to raise to the level of poetic work.
Novgorod I tale
This record is considered to be the most important source, tells the story of the social and political history of the Russian and, in particular, of Novgorod 11-17 centuries.This body had an impact on all-Russian Tales second half of the XV and XVI centuries.In general, in the works it expressed the ideology of the dominant sectors of society.However, the authors of Novgorod often stood on the side of the working people.Very interesting recording period of the formation of a single state Russian.They allow you to supplement and clarify the information, Tver, Moscow and other authors.Novgorod chronicles in publications conditionally designated five rooms.The oldest part is considered to be the first set.It outlines the events brought to the thirties of the 14th century.As part of the present set of "Russian Truth" in the shorter version and legal collection, which includes several legislative monuments.In the annals of recording mostly occur in the second decade of the XII century.Meaning Novgorod I set Shakhmatova disclosed in the works.Studies have shown that in the early works was reflected Basic set for the end of XI century.He was preceded by the "Tale of Bygone Years".
value arches
It should be noted that at the present time does not lose its chronicle not only of historical and informative, but also an educational sense.Vaults continue to teach deep respect for the glorious past of the people.Chronicle today helps educate patriotic noble ideas.
Other documents
Considering Russian historical sources, can not be said about the memories of foreigners, who had to go on national soil.It should be noted that the first and only major scientific work Kliuchevskoi became his thesis on the tales of foreigners on the State Moscow.This work was published in a monograph.By the written historical sources should also include legislative acts, public documents, the law enforcement and statistical data, international agreements.The most important information about past events, researchers have learned from private e-mail messages, diaries.In more recent times the group of written sources began to enter the transcript zasedaniyay senior officials of political parties and social movements, brochures, programs, memoirs, pamphlets, periodicals (magazines and newspapers) and other documents.
purpose of research information
large volume collection of documents about the activities of municipal and state institutions and various non-governmental organizations and individuals concentrated in the archives.They provided acquisition, storage and further use of the data.Complex use of historical sources allows researchers to reconstruct the events of the past as objectively as possible.
monuments of spiritual and material culture
ethnographic sources include elements of traditional, everyday life and everyday life of the people.This category includes, in particular, tools, instruments, tools for agriculture, pottery, utensils, housing, furniture and equipment in it, food, folk toys.They also include outbuildings, clothing and fabric, including the national costume, decoration, embroidery and so on.The category also includes ethnographic sources of people's spiritual life events.These include family and calendar rituals, traditions, folk beliefs, folklore, genres and forms of national songs, dances, proverbs, tales, legends, mysteries, conspiracies and legends.
Other monuments of the past
the visual sources include certain works of art, including petroglyphs, individual items and collections of paintings, sculpture, graphics.The group included behavioral sources ceremonies (military, labor, holiday, etc.), fashion, custom, elements of prestige.
New methods of documenting
These methods of collecting and storing information received fairly widespread.New methods are the result of scientific discoveries, technological development, inventions of various studies.These documentary sources include, for example, film, audio and photographic materials.Such methods of gathering information are called audio-visual.They contain information which is necessary to play their equipment.Typically, these sources are considered comprehensively.This is due to the fact that they are very similar in technique playback and, nature of the information encoding method and organization of storage.
