Ukraine - the largest country in Europe.Although some historians argue that the country is the birthplace of European culture and has been around for centuries, it is not.Education of Ukraine as a state actually happened 23 years ago.This is a young country that is just learning to live on their own, without anyone's support.Of course, Ukraine has a long history, but still there is no mention of the country as a full-fledged state.In this area at the time lived Scythians, Sarmatians, Turkic peoples, ancient Russians, Cossacks.All of them are somehow influenced the development of the country.
Ancient history
necessary to begin with the fact that the word "Ukraine" is translated from the old Russian means "suburb", ie no man's land frontier.These areas are called "Wild Field".The first mention of the Black Sea steppes dated VII century BC, it was then that the Scythians settled there.In the Old Testament, they are described as merciless and cruel nomadic people.In 339 BC.e.Scythians were defeated in a battle with Philip of Macedon, it was the beginning of their end.
For four centuries, the Black Sea region is dominated by Sarmatians.These were related nomadic tribes who migrated to the Lower Volga region.In the II century BC.e.Sarmatian pushed the Turkic peoples.In VII century on the banks of the Dnieper Slavs began to settle, which in those days was called Rusich.That is why the land they occupied was called Kievan Rus.Some researchers argue that the formation of Ukraine as a state was in 1187.This is not entirely true.At that time there was only the term "Ukraine", he meant nothing else than the outskirts of Kievan Rus.
Tatar raids
At the time, the land of modern Ukraine were subjected to raids of Crimean Tatars.Rusichi trying to master the rich fertile lands of the Great Steppe, but the constant robberies and murders were not allowed to bring our plans to the end.For many centuries, Tatars represented a greater threat to the Slavs.Vast areas remained unoccupied for the sole reason that they are side by side with the Crimea.Tatars raids carried out because they had to somehow maintain their own economy.They were engaged in cattle breeding, but it did not give much profit.Tatars looted neighboring Slavs, took prisoner the young and healthy people, exchanging slaves and then the finished product Turkish.In most of the Tatar invasions suffered Volyn, Kyiv and Galicia.
The settlement of fertile land
growers and landowners were well aware what benefits can be derived from the fertile free areas.Despite the fact that there was a threat of attack Tatars rich appropriated steppe, built settlements, so alluring to his peasants.Landowners had their own army, so that they maintain order and discipline in the territories under their control.They provide farmers in land use, and instead demanded payment of dues.Grain trade has brought untold wealth to the Polish magnates.The most famous were Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevetskaya, Konetspolskogo.While the Slavs rotten in the fields, the Poles lived in luxurious palaces, swimming in wealth.
period Cossacks
have the freedom-loving Cossacks began to settle in the steppes of the free end of the XV century, sometimes in my thoughts slipped creation of the state.Ukraine could be a haven of thieves and vagabonds, because they originally settled the area.On the deserted outskirts of people came wanting to be free, so the bulk of the Cossacks were laborers, fled from the gentry of slavery.Also, here come the townspeople and defrocked priests, in search of a better life.Among the Cossacks were people of noble origin, they are mainly looking for adventure and, of course, wealth.
gang consisted of Rus, Poles, Belarusians and even Tatars took absolutely everyone.Initially, it was the most ordinary bandit gang that robbed the Tatars and Turks lived and stolen.Over time, they began to build a Sich - the fortified camp, which is always on duty military garrison.There they were returning from patrol.
Some historians believe that the 1552-th - the year of the formation of Ukraine as a state.In fact, at that time there was the famous Zaporizhzhya Sich, which is so proud of the Ukrainians.But she was not the prototype of the modern state.In 1552, the Cossacks were united gang, and their fort was built on the island of Khortytsya Malaya.All this is done Vishnevetskii.
Although initially Cossacks were ordinary robbers, robbed Turks for their own benefit, over time they began to defend the settlement of the Slavs from the Tatar raids, were released from captivity countrymen.Turkey, this freedom-loving brethren seemed divine punishment.Cossacks on their gulls (long, narrow boats) quietly swam to the coast of the enemy country, and suddenly attacked the strongest fortifications.
State Ukraine wanted to create one of the most famous Hetman - Bogdan Khmelnitsky.This Ataman led the exhausting struggle with the Polish army, dreaming of independence and freedom of all fellow countrymen.Khmelnitsky understood that only he can not afford to deal with the Western enemy, so he found a patron in the person of the Moscow tsar.Of course, after that the bloodshed in Ukraine is over, but it did not become independent.
fall of tsarist
emergence of Ukraine as a state would be possible immediately after the overthrow of the throne of the Romanov dynasty.Unfortunately, local politicians did not have the strength of mind, and most importantly - solidarity, to bring our plans to the end and make the country independent.On the fall of the tsarist Kiev learned March 13, 1917.Just a few days Ukrainian politicians created the Central Rada, but to retain power in their hands to stop them ideological constraints and inexperience in such matters.
According to some reports, the formation of Ukraine as a state held on 22 November 1917.That same day, the Central Council announced the Third Universal, proclaiming himself supreme authority.However, if it has not yet decided to sever all ties with Russia, Ukraine's why for a time became an autonomous republic.Perhaps this cautious policy was unnecessary.Two months later, the Central Council decided on the formation of the state.Ukraine was proclaimed an independent and fully independent from the Russian nation.
interaction with the Austrians and Germans
period, when there was a Ukraine as a state that was not easy.For this reason, the Central Rada was forced to ask for support and protection in European countries.February 18, 1918 signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, according to which Ukraine has been carried out in Europe, the massive supply of food, and in return received the recognition of the independence and military support.
Austrians and Germans in a short period of time the troops entered the territory of the state.Unfortunately, Ukraine could not fulfill its part of the contract terms, so at the end of April 1918 the Central Rada was dissolved.April 29 to rule the country began Pavlo Skoropadsky.Education of Ukraine as a state to give the people with great difficulty.The trouble is that there has not been a good ruler, who could defend the independence of the territories controlled.Skoropadskyi not stay in power a year.Already December 14, 1918, he fled in disgrace with the allied German troops.Ukraine has been thrown to the wolves, the European countries have not recognized its independence and did not have any support.
Bolsheviks came to power
early 20s of the twentieth century brought a lot of grief in the Ukrainian House.The Bolsheviks created a system of stringent economic measures, to somehow stop the collapse of the economy and save the new state.Ukraine from the so-called "war communism" has suffered the most, because its territory is a source of agricultural products.Accompanied by armed groups officials went to the villages and the power selected grain from the peasants.It got to that taken from the houses freshly baked bread.Naturally, such an atmosphere is not conducive to an increase in agricultural production, farmers simply refused to work.
to all misery has been added and drought.Famine of 1921-1922 took the lives of hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians.The government knew perfectly well that the carrot on inappropriate use.Therefore, a law was passed on the NEP (New Economic Policy).Thanks to him, had by 1927 increased by 10% arable land.In this period the formation of the present government.Ukraine quietly forget about the horrors of civil war, famine, dispossession.The Ukrainians returned home welfare, so they are more indulgent start to treat the Bolsheviks.
voluntary-forced entry into the USSR
At the end of 1922 in Moscow have thought of the union of Russia, Belarus and Transcaucasian republics to create a more stable connections.Until the time when Ukraine was formed as a state, it was some seven decades.December 30, 1922 the representatives of all the Soviet republics approved the plan to merge, so that the Soviet Union was created.
Theoretically, any of the republics had the right to withdraw from the union, but that she had to obtain the consent of the Communist Party.In practice, to achieve independence was very difficult.The party was centralized and controlled from Moscow.Ukraine largest area ranked second among all states.The capital city of Kharkov was elected.Responding to a question about when Ukraine was formed as a state, it should be noted the 20-years of the twentieth century, because that's when the country gained territorial and administrative boundaries.
Updating and development of the country
first five-year breathed life into Ukraine.During this time there was 400 new enterprises in the country accounted for about 20% of all investments.In 1932, the hydroelectric power plant was built, Dnipropetrovsk, it became at that time the biggest in Europe.Thanks to the work of workers appeared Kharkov Tractor Plant, Zaporozhye Iron and Steel Works, a lot of factories Donbass.In a short time it produced a huge amount of economic transformation.In order to improve discipline and improve efficiency have been introduced competition for early implementation of the plan.The Government has provided the best workers and assign the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Ukraine during the Second World War
the period 1941-1945.in the country killed millions of people.Most Ukrainians fought on the side of the Soviet Union, but it does not apply to the Western Ukraine.In this area dominated by certain mood.According fighters OUN SS divisions "Galicia", was supposed to be independent of Moscow Ukraine.The history of state formation could be quite different if the Germans still won.The fact that the Germans have presented to Ukraine's independence, hard to believe, but all the same promises they managed to win over some 220,000 Ukrainians.Even after the war, the armed forces have continued to exist.
Life after Stalin's death
Soviet leader brought a new life to millions of people living in the USSR.Became the new ruler Nikita Khrushchev, who was closely associated with Ukraine and, of course, she patronized.During his reign, it reached a new level of development.It is because Khrushchev had in its membership the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine.As the state arose, it is another matter, but its administrative and territorial borders, it is formed in the Soviet Union.
then came to power Leonid Brezhnev, too, came from Ukraine.After a brief reign of Andropov and Chernenko at the helm was Mikhail Gorbachev.It was he who decided to radically change the stagnant economy and the Soviet system as a whole.Gorbachev had to overcome the conservatism of the party and society.Gorbachev has always called for transparency and trying to be closer to the people.People began to feel freer, yet even under Gorbachev communists controlled the army, police, agriculture, industry, the KGB monitored media.
The independence
Date of Education of Ukraine as a state is known to all - is August 24, 1991.But what preceded this important event?March 17, 1991 took a survey, through which it became clear: Ukrainians are not against the sovereignty, most importantly, that it is not subsequently worsened their living conditions.The communists were trying to keep the power in their hands, but it will inevitably escaped from them.
August 19, 1991 isolated the reactionaries of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Crimea, and themselves in Moscow tried to seize the initiative by declaring a state of emergency and formed the Emergency Committee.But the Communists did not succeed.August 24, 1991, when it became Ukraine as a state, the Verkhovna Rada proclaimed the independence of the country.But after 5 days the activity of the Communist Party was banned by Parliament.December 1 of that year, the Ukrainians in the referendum supported the Act of Independence and selected its first president - Leonid Kravchuk.
For many years there was a formation of Ukraine as a state.Map of the country often changed.Many areas were annexed to the Soviet Union, it concerns the western Ukraine, part of the Odessa region and Crimea.The main objective is the preservation of Ukrainian modern administrative-territorial boundaries.However, it fails to work.So, the third president of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko in 2009 gave the Romanian part of the continental shelf.In 2014, Ukraine has lost his pearls and - peninsula of Crimea, who moved to Russia.Will the country to keep their territory intact and to remain independent, only time will tell.
