balance sheet, in fact, is a way to group property of an economic entity.It presents a balance of asset belonging to the enterprise in two aspects: a description of the arrangement and composition (asset) and a description of the sources of origin and destination (passive).
main source of information about business activities and financial position of the company is precisely the balance sheet (Form 1).Balance sheet analysis is the first stage of a comprehensive study of the finances of the business entity.
The analysis paying special attention to the following points.
1. Analysis of changes in the articles
It should begin with a description of the sum of all assets of the enterprise in the dynamics of the period under review.As a result, taped sources Increase (decrease) of assets, taking into account the articles on which they occurred.
2. Analysis of balance sheet structure
the study of the structure of the balance of its currency and the results of each section is taken as 100%.The share of each section is calculated as part of the total assets (all sources of enterprise), then determined the proportion of each element.
structure analysis carried out on the blocks, first determine the proportion of permanent and temporary assets in the currency in which the document was carried out, and then examines their structure (analysis of the asset balance).Similarly, investigate the liabilities (the analysis of balance sheet liabilities).The study reflects the dynamics of changes in the structure during the period under review.It is also necessary to identify the causes of these changes.
special attention to elements that have the greatest weight and the fact that the share of changes abruptly.Often they are the problem areas of the enterprise.
3. analysis of the balance of net working capital (PSCs)
PSC helps determine the amount of current assets, which are financed by capital invested.It shows what part (share) of current assets financed in a certain period by equity company.
magnitude PSC describes how liquidity of the company.Indicator PSC is the first indicator of its financial stability.That is why it is particularly important calculation.FER is determined as the difference between current assets and liabilities.Also, it can be calculated as the difference between the invested funds and fixed assets.With the latter method can analyze the reasons why there are changes in liquidity.
When calculating the structure and determine the level of FER in assets, which represents the ratio of total assets to the PSC enterprise.Height PSCs in this case indicates a growing financial independence of the company.
optimum value of the index is determined by taking into account the liquidity of the property and the conditions on which the calculations are carried out with suppliers.To determine the adequacy of (lack of) PSCs, it is necessary to compare it with the actual value of the optimum design value.Exceeding them best calculated value of the actual decrease in its level does not mean the weakening of financial stability.
analysis of the balance finishes preliminary conclusion about the presence of certain negative factors in state enterprises (depreciation of assets, problems with sales, the availability of debt, etc.).At the same time the reasons that led to their emergence (insufficiently effective work of the marketing department, inconsistent work services, etc.).On the other hand, determined and positive trends (repayment of old debts, capital growth, improving the structure of assets and others.).
important positive characteristics, which reveals the analysis of the balance are as follows: the growth of capital accumulation;the lack of serviced loans;Satisfactory credit history;no higher than the standards of wage arrears, the budget, etc .;no overstocking warehouses.
