military conflict in Afghanistan, which began more than thirty years ago, and today remains the cornerstone of global security.Hegemonic power in the pursuit of their ambitions, not only destroyed the previous stable state, and the fate of thousands maimed.
Afghanistan before the war
Many observers, describing the war in Afghanistan, saying that before the conflict it was an extremely backward country, but some facts are silent.Before the confrontation on the majority of the territory of Afghanistan remained a feudal country, but in major cities such as Kabul, Herat, Kandahar and many others, has a well-developed infrastructure, it was a full-fledged cultural and socio-economic centers.
state and progress.There was free medical care and education.The country produces good jersey.Radio and television broadcast foreign programs.People meet in the cinema and libraries.A woman could find themselves in public life, or to manage the business.
Trendy boutiques, supermarkets, shops, restaurants and plenty of cultural activities exist in urban areas.The outbreak of war in Afghanistan, the date of which sources is treated differently, put an end to prosperity and stability.The country is in an instant become a center of chaos and destruction.Today, power in the country took the radical Islamist groups who benefit from the maintenance of riots throughout.
reasons for the war in Afghanistan
To understand the true motives of the Afghan crisis, it is worth remembering history.In July 1973, it was the overthrow of the monarchy.The coup carried out a cousin of King Mohammed Daoud.General announced the overthrow of the monarchy and appointed himself president of the Republic of Afghanistan.The revolution took place with the assistance of the People's Democratic Party.It was declared the course of reforms in the economic and social sphere.
In reality, President Daoud did not carry out reforms, but only to destroy their enemies, including the leaders of the PDPA.Naturally, the discontent in the circles of the Communists and the PDPA was growing, they are constantly subjected to repression and physical violence.
social, economic and political instability in the country have led to civil war and external interference of the USSR and the USA gave rise to even more massive bloodshed.
Saur Revolution
situation is constantly tense, and already 27 April 1987 The April occurred (Saur) revolution, organized military units of the country, the PDPA and the Communists.Came to power new leaders - NM Taraki, Amin, Babrak Karmal.They immediately announced a feudal and democratic reforms.Start exist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.Immediately after the initial jubilation and victory united coalition became clear that there is a rift between the leaders.Amin did not get along with Karmal and Taraki turn a blind eye.
for Soviet victory of the democratic revolution was a real surprise.The Kremlin was waiting for what will happen next, but many prudent captains, and the apparatchiks of the Soviets knew that not far off the beginning of the war in Afghanistan.
members of the military conflict
A month after the bloody overthrow of the government of Daud new political forces are mired in conflict.Groupings "Khalq" and "Parcham" as their ideology, could not find common ground between them.In August 1978, there is a full suspension "Parcham" from power.Karmal, together with like-minded travel abroad.
Another failure befell the new government - the reforms was hampered by the opposition.Islamist forces unite in parties and movements.In June, in the provinces of Badakhshan, Bamyan, Kunar, Paktia and Nangarhar start armed actions against the revolutionary government.Although the official date of armed conflict historians call in 1979, military operations began much earlier.Year of the war in Afghanistan - 1978. The civil war became the catalyst that pushed the country to the foreign intervention.Each of megaderzhav pursued its own geopolitical interests.
Islamists and their goals
Back in the early 70s in Afghanistan formed the organization "Muslim youth." The members of this community were close to Islamic fundamentalist ideas of Arab "Muslim Brotherhood", their methods of struggle for power, until the political terror. The primacy of Islamic traditions jihad and suppression of all kinds of reforms that are contrary to the Koran - is the basic provisions of these organizations.
In 1975, the "Muslim youth" will cease to exist. It was absorbed by other fundamentalists - the Islamic Party of Afghanistan (IPA) and the Islamic Society of Afghanistan (IOA). Presiding over these cells G. Hekmatyar and Rabbani. Its members were trained in the conduct of military operations in neighboring Pakistan and sponsored by foreign governments. After the April Revolution opposition united society. The revolution in the country has become a kind of signal for hostilities.
ForeignSupport radicals
can not lose sight of the fact that the beginning of the war in Afghanistan, the date in which the contemporary sources - 1979-1989. was the most planned foreign powers participating NATO and some Islamic states.If earlier the American political elite has denied any involvement in the formation and funding of extremists, the new century has brought this story very amusing facts.Former CIA left weight of memoirs, which exposed the policies of their government.
Even before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the CIA financed the mujahideen settled in for their training bases in neighboring Pakistan and Islamic supplied weapons.In 1985, President Reagan personally received a delegation of the Mujahideen in the White House.The most important contribution of the United States in the Afghan conflict began recruiting men in the Arab world.
Today, there is information that the war in Afghanistan was planned by the CIA as a trap for the Soviet Union.Got into it, the Union should have seen the inadequacy of its policy, drain resources and "collapse".As we can see, what happened.In 1979, the outbreak of war in Afghanistan, rather, putting a limited contingent of Soviet Army, it became inevitable.
USSR and PDPA support
It is believed that the April Revolution of the USSR was preparing for several years.He supervised the operation personally Andropov.Taraki was an agent of the Kremlin.Immediately after the coup began a friendly fraternal help of the Soviets in Afghanistan.Other sources utverzhadyut that Saur Revolution was a complete surprise to the Soviets, though pleasant.
After a successful revolution, the Soviet government in Afghanistan beginning more closely monitor developments in the country.The new leadership in the face of Taraki to show loyalty to friends of the Soviet Union.Exploration KGB constantly informed "leader" of the instability in the neighboring region, but it was decided to wait.The outbreak of war in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union apprehended calmly, the Kremlin was aware of the opposition sponsored States, give the area did not want to, but once Soviet-American crisis was the Kremlin to anything.Yet standing in the Soviet Union was not going after all of Afghanistan - a country neighbor.
In September 1979, Amin murdered Taraki and proclaimed himself president.Some sources suggest that the final discord against former associates was due to the intentions of President Taraki to ask the Soviet Union about entering the military contingent.Amin and his supporters were against it.
Soviet troops
Soviet sources claimed that the government of Afghanistan, they were sent to 20 of the request to send troops.Facts say the opposite - President Amin was opposed to entering Russian contingent.A resident in Kabul had sent data about US attempts to draw the Soviet Union into a regional conflict.Even then, the Soviet leadership knew that Taraki and PDPA - residents States.Amin was the only nationalist in this company, yet with Taraki, they do not share the $ 40 million paid by the CIA for the April coup, it was the main cause of his death.
Andropov and Gromyko did not want to listen to anything.In early December in Kabul, flew Paputin KGB general with the task to persuade Amin encourage the troops of the USSR.The new president was adamant.Then on December 22 in Kabul incident occurred.Armed with "nationalists" broke into the house where they lived citizens of the USSR, and cut off the heads of several dozen people.Put them on spears, armed "Islamists" have carried them through the main streets of Kabul.Police arrived at the scene and opened fire, but the criminals escaped.December 23, the Soviet Government has sent the Afghan government a message that informed the President that the Soviet troops will soon be in Afghanistan to protect their citizens.While Amin was considering how to dissuade the troops "friends" of the invasion, they had landed on one of the airfields of the country on 24 December.Date of commencement of the war in Afghanistan - the 1979-1989.- Open one of the most tragic pages in the history of the USSR.
Operation "Storm"
Parts of the 105th Airborne Division landed Guards 50 km from Kabul, and a special unit of the KGB "Delta" surrounded the presidential palace on 27 December.As a result of the capture Amin and his bodyguards were killed.The world community, "gasped," and all the puppeteers of this venture rubbed his hands.USSR was hooked.Soviet paratroopers seized all the main infrastructure located in major cities.For 10 years in Afghanistan, fought more than 600 thousand. Soviet soldiers.Year of the war in Afghanistan was the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
night December 27, arrived from Moscow B. Karmal and radio announced the second stage of the revolution.Thus, the beginning of the war in Afghanistan - 1979.
Events 1979-1985.
After a successful operation "Storm", Soviet troops seized all the major industrial centers. The aim of the Kremlin was to strengthen the communist regime in neighboring Afghanistan and to push dushmans, who controlled the countryside.
Constant clashes between the Islamists and the troopers led to numerous victims among the civilian populationbut the mountainous terrain completely disoriented fighters. In April 1980, held its first large-scale operation in the Panjshir. In June this year, the Kremlin ordered to withdraw some of the tank and missile parts of Afghanistan. In August of the same year was a struggle in Mashhadskom gorge. The troops of the SA were inambush killed 48 soldiers and 49 - were injured. In 1982, the fifth attempt by the Soviet troops managed to take Panjshir.
During the first five years of the war situation has developed in waves. CA held high, then fell into an ambush. Full-scale operations Islamists carried outThey attacked convoys of food and some of the troops.CA tried to push them away from the major cities.
During this period there have been several meetings with Pakistani President Andropov and members of the United Nations.The representative of the USSR stated that the Kremlin was ready for a political settlement in exchange for the guarantee of the United States and Pakistan to stop funding the opposition.
1985-1989 biennium.
In 1985 he became the first secretary of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.He was determined to constructively, wanted to reform the system, charted the course of "perestroika".The protracted conflict in Afghanistan slowed process of normalization of relations with the United States and Europe.Active military operations were not carried out, but still on Afghan territory has consistently killed Soviet soldiers.In 1986, Gorbachev announced a policy of phased withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan.In the same year, B. Karmal was replaced by M. Najibullah.In 1986, the leadership of the SA came to the conclusion that the battle for the Afghan people played as take control of the entire territory of Afghanistan, the CA could not.January 23-26 Soviet forces held its last operation "Typhoon" in Afghanistan, in Kunduz province.February 15, 1989 withdrawn all the troops of the Soviet Army.
reaction of world powers
The world community media after the announcement of the seizure of the presidential palace in Afghanistan and the killing of Amin's in a state of shock.The Soviet Union immediately began to be viewed as total evil, and the aggressor country.The outbreak of war in Afghanistan (1979-1989 gg.) For the European powers was the signal for the beginning of the isolation of the Kremlin.French President and German Chancellor personally met with Brezhnev and tried to persuade him to withdraw troops, Leonid Ilyich was adamant.
In April 1980, the US government has authorized aid to opposition forces in Afghanistan in the amount of $ 15 million.
US and European countries called on the international community to ignore the Olympics-80, held in Moscow, but because of the presence of Asian and African countries, this sporting event is still held.
«Carter Doctrine" was formulated during this period of strained relations.Third world countries a majority vote condemned the actions of the Soviet Union.February 15, 1989 the Soviet state, according to the agreements with the countries of the United Nations withdrew its troops from Afghanistan.
Result conflict
beginning and end of the war in Afghanistan are conditional, because Afghanistan - the eternal Hive, said of his country of its last king.In 1989, Soviet forces "organized" crossed the border into Afghanistan - as it was reported to senior management.In fact, in Afghanistan, thousands of prisoners were soldiers CA, forgotten company and frontier guards, to cover the retreat of the very 40th Army.
Afghanistan after a decade of war has been plunged into absolute chaos.Thousands of refugees fled the homeland, fleeing from the war.
Even today it remains unknown the exact number of dead Afghans.Researchers voiced a figure of 2.5 million dead and wounded, mostly - civilians.
SA for ten years of war, has lost about 26 thousand soldiers.The war in Afghanistan, the USSR lost, though some historians argue the opposite.
economic costs of the USSR in connection with the Afghan war were disastrous.To support the Kabul government annually allocated $ 800 million, for the army - $ 3 billion.
beginning of the war in Afghanistan was the end of the Soviet Union, one of the world's major powers.
