key aspect determining the legal capacity of people in ancient Russia was the state of their personal freedom.Based on this, the population of conventionally divided into slaves (slaves) and free.Furthermore, there were people enslaved intermediate classes.They are considered legally free, but in fact were economically dependent (debt or landed).Because of this, they still suffer from a diminution of rights.
social system
This includes the organization of society, which caused a certain degree of development of production and exchange and distribution of products.In addition, the features of the social system depends on the consciousness of the people and traditions, enshrined in law and protected by the state.Its structure consists of several elements, including political, economic, social, cultural and spiritual relationships.
Ancient Russia
preserved in chronicles written that the social system of the Slavs who settled on the land in the area of the East European Plain, was a tribal community.This meant that all power and property were in the hands of elders.Ancient Slavs practiced ancestral worship, honoring their ancestors.
With the VI century with the advent of tools made of metal, as well as the transition from agriculture to slash Tillage previous relationship began to disintegrate.Now required to unite the efforts of all, without exception, members of the genus in order to successfully run the economy.Thus, to the fore individual family.
social system of the Eastern Slavs are constantly changing.Over time, the tribal communities became neighborhood or territorial.They remained common ownership of agricultural land, pastures, ponds and forests.Now, the families began to give individual plots.Such areas of arable land, they had to handle their own and their own tools, leaving at almost the entire harvest.Then I repartition over and moved into permanent plots property, which has a separate family.
Further improvement of tools resulted in the emergence of surplus product, and then - the development of barter between the families.In this regard, gradually began to appear new social order of the Slavs, which led to the differentiation of the community, property inequality and significant accumulation of the state elders and other nobles.At this time, the main governing body of the Chamber was on which all work together to solve critical issues.But gradually it began to lose its significance.
As is known, the eastern Slavs were constantly at war with their neighbors.In addition, they also reflect the numerous raids of nomadic tribes.The result was the growing importance of military leaders that are princes.They were the main persons Administered Tribal.Excess production allows to keep the communities of Prince with his faithful warriors - a detachment of soldiers.Gradually they concentrated in their hands all the power and the bulk of the wealth.They have appropriated the land and besieged tribesmen taxes.Thus, in VIII-IX centuries, the social order of ancient Russia again began to change.Sharp stratification began to give the preconditions for the formation of the state.
main group
social system of Kievan Rus' was composed of four main groups, called lords, peasants, serfs and urban (or tradespeople) residents.They all have different rights.
division of people into classes, according to most historians, the evidence of the rapid development of feudal relations.This former freemen eventually turns into a dependent population.I must say that at this stage of feudalism there was no serfdom, which involves the attachment of peasants to the land and personally to the owner.Free
population
state and social system of Kievan Rus' was the early feudal monarchy.The head of state was a great prince, and he, in turn, subordinate to other, smaller.To resolve disputes arising between them, such as the division or redistribution of land, as well as cases relating to the conclusion of peace or of war, held a special congress.
princes ruled through their squads - groups of professional soldiers.The soldiers collected tribute, and due to it the received content.Senior vigilantes led by Prince participated in the creation of laws and were with him in the council, called the Council.
military elite were transferred to administrative functions, due to which there was a so-called decimal management scheme.Over time, it will replace the palace-patrimonial system based on feudal ownership of land.
Druzhinniki gradually became landowners and received some immunity, which gave them the right to dispose of their territory without any interference in their affairs by the princely administration.
feudal class
exist in those days, the social order is a kind of ladder, on top of which sat the Prince of Kiev, with its elite - the feudal lords.The most privileged to know.It, in turn, divided into several subgroups.Among them - the boyars.The so-called retired senior vigilantes, who served as a Grand Prince of Kiev.Since the XI century, they become large feudal landowners.They also participated in the government (most often in the role of governors.)
Knyazhye men - the inner circle of the President.They were his political advisers, and were in the so-called Council of the Prince.These people had no land and lived dependent.They were the descendants of the great princes and light, as well as tribal elders.
Ognischanami called high-ranking officials involved in the control of different areas of the state economy.
People who personally supervised the affairs and property of the prince, were called Knyazhye Tiuna, ieservants.With regard to their legal status, they were at the level of ordinary slaves.
were also young men - the younger ranks of the fighters from the Grand Duke.They were regarded as feudal landlords and participated in government.
main privilege enjoyed by the older combatants, namely the boyars, land ownership was a special right of immunity allows them the following:
● not to obey not only the community authorities and feudal in the field;
● enjoy the support of the jurisdiction of the prince;
● collect various taxes and spending in relation to the courts dependent folk.
later in the charters were recorded a few more rules to protect the life, health and dignity.They also became available a special order of succession on which the property could be transmitted not only by men, but the female line.In addition, a significantly increased responsibility for the murder, which noted that the life of a feudal lord worth while 80 hryvnia.
dependent population
As already known, the social order of the eastern Slavs gradually changed, which led to his separation and division into classes.There was a dependent population, which include smerdy, purchase and ryadovichi.It was a large part of the inhabitants of ancient Russia.
stinks called lichnosvobodnyh communal peasants.They had the right to transfer the property to his inheritance, and could enter into contractual relations.The perpetrators of the crime had to pay the fine in full.They had the right to participate in judicial proceedings, both as plaintiff and as a defendant or a witness.
To Purchase concerned smerdy, somehow became dependent for their existing debts to creditors.They had to practice them as long until you will be able to repay the debt.Zákupy retain their property passing by inheritance to relatives, but their debts are not transferred.They could enter into contracts and prosecuted, as well as to participate in the proceedings as the defendant and the plaintiff.However, Zákupy had no right to leave the farm lender or refuse to work for him.Disobedience was punished by slavery.Purchase and could not act as a witness at the hearings because he was addicted to his creditor.
social system based on the legal aspects of determining factors on which the purchase could be released.The first of these - the return debt.The second - the release of a court decision, if the lender transfers the debtor's obligations to a third party.And finally, the last when the purchase was beaten by the lender.
Ryadovichami called debtors who secured his freedom took no money and any thing.
unfree population
social system of ancient Russia was arranged in such a way that it had a class of people, fully bonded and disenfranchised.They were called slaves.They did not have any personal legal status and property.They were considered incapable and does not have the right to participate in the litigation and prosecuted.
There are several reasons why people can become slaves (slaves):
● Birthright.This means that if one of the parents was a slave, the child also becomes him.
● Marriage to slave.
● samoprodazha.For this is a document that is signed in front of witnesses.
● captured during hostilities.
● Escape purchase.In this case, the slaves turned his whole family.
● criminal offense, punishable by confiscation of property.In addition, the family in full force became slaves.Such a punishment prescribed for murder, robbery, arson, horse stealing and bankruptcy.
It should be noted that the social system of Kievan Rus with its laws do not allow tell peasants to become free.Moreover, let them at will was considered a terrible insult to free men.The only exception could be the fact that the child was born a slave by her master.And when the owner died, it became a free man.
Townsmen residents
social system, which was formed in the Russian lands in those days, the alleged lack of slavery in the cities.Townsmen residents had full legal equality.Only in the XII century in urban society began to show signs of separation (differentiation) of the population through ownership.
People are divided into two groups: older and black.The first concerned the merchants and the "guests", engaged in foreign trade, and the second - the artisans.She began to emerge socio-economic system in which there was a legal inequality in cities.This black can send without their consent or in the militia, or public works.
emergence of cities
Between the origin and further development of the feudal system of the craftsmen who were part of the community began to become dependent on wealthy landowners.Others began to leave their villages and go to a new place of residence.They settled under the walls of the princely forts and castles.So, the social system of Russia added another group of the population - townspeople, or urban people.
Life in these settlements was significantly different from the traditional way of life that prevailed in rural communities.In place of the world consisting of endless steppes, swamps and impenetrable forests, it's more reliable fortified place, which at first was a certain order and the rule of law.
Around the middle of the X century, when the strengthening of the Old Russian state, urban settlements have acquired the ability to perform not only administrative and military tasks.With the adoption of Christianity began to appear, and cultural centers.
contemporary political and social system of Russia in the first place affected the emergence and development of cities such as Kiev and Novgorod.Archaeological research and excavations confirm that the settlement had already formed structure, which was attended by the concentration of power, church administration, as well as all the manor building.
State Department
socio-political system of Kievan Rus may be called early feudal monarchy, as the head of the country was one ruler - the Grand Duke.In his hands was concentrated the legislature, he set taxes and solved all the major financial issues.It was the Grand Duke was the head of the system of government and the chief judge, and gave orders to the armed forces.
In addition, the guidelines were involved and other mechanisms:
● Council of the Prince.He was considered an informal body composed of government and military officials - senior vigilantes, representatives of the higher clergy, town elders and others.
● Veche.This is the highest official authority in the country, consisting of free citizens.Veche would be convened on the national and on the lower level.His expertise includes issues of domestic and foreign policy.The strength of the influence of the Chamber has always depended on the power of the prince of the power or weakness.
● feudal conventions.They solved the various issues concerning the relationship between the princes.The first such congress was held somewhere in the end of XI century.Assembly could wear a nationwide character, or convened on separate grounds.
more confirmation of the fact that the political and social system of the state of Kievan Rus' was just the early feudal monarchy, it is a very limited power of the prince.He and his decision to some extent dependent on the immediate environment, as well as the Chamber and other gatherings.This situation is due to the fact that the central and regional administration have been linked very weak.This mechanism of management of the state is only the initial stage of development of the monarchy.
