Earth - a unique system consisting of a complex series of links, constantly evolving, interconnected and interdependent.For several centuries, the internal and external structure of the Earth is an object of interest and attention of scientists around the world.Opening the environmental envelope of the planet, or the biosphere, it has become a real scientific breakthrough in the field of research.The most important contribution to the resolution of contentious issues and concerns was the teaching of Russian Academician Vernadsky on living organisms, the role of the living and nonliving matter in the evolution of our world.
Biosphere and inert substance
Biosphere Vernadsky presented unity seemingly diametrically opposed substances - living and "inanimate", ie,tap.Living matter up living organisms that inhabit the Earth at all its levels.A inert substance - is in the formation of living organisms which do not participate.These include many inorganic minerals, such as precious stones and metals, deposits of iron ore, rocks, formed products and operating emissions is now erupting volcanoes.Basically biosphere such inert substance is silicon compound and include pumice stone, granite, and others.Because of the volcanic ash tuff was formed - the same rock.
Water, as we know, is the source of life.However, this definition, according to Vernadsky, can be attributed to natural sources of water - oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes.But meltwater and rain - an important inert substance.
addition to living and inert substance as part of the biosphere and stands biokosnyh - a kind of product of the impact of living organisms on inanimate nature.This upper layers of soil composition and properties of which change as a result of human activity and animals, air and water of the planet, constantly are contaminated person.
structure of the biosphere
Thus, the Earth's biosphere is called the envelope of the planet, containing all the diversity of living matter, and that portion of the planetary substance which constantly interacts with this matter.Biosphere is composed of the lower atmosphere, captures all the hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere.Its borders are dependent on environmental factors, especially those that form a favorable environment for the existence of living organisms.The upper bracket is at an altitude of about 20 kilometers from the earth's surface.Abroad it is the ozone layer.Its main feature - not to let the ultraviolet rays of the sun, which does not affect the inert substance, but deadly for the living.It follows that for living beings or organisms can be harmless troposphere and lower stratosphere.Hydrosphere available for habitation by a sufficiently large depth - 10-11 kilometers, iealmost all the world's oceans - a huge source of life.The lithosphere of a variety of life forms are found from the surface to a depth of about three and a half to seven and a half kilometers.It is in these parameters observed ratio required temperature and the availability of soil water in the liquid state.In greater depths, is already only inert substance.Although the mass of living matter in the biosphere as a percentage much lower than the inert, she is the main driving force of geochemical processes on Earth.The source of the energy needed for metabolism, as well as the substances themselves involved in the life of organisms, became the environment.At the same time, some kinds of living matter endowed with reproductive function, converter, function of the decay (decomposition, splitting).Consequently, according to scientists, about 10% of the biomass in nature recovering reproduced.
operable biosphere
According to Vernadsky and his followers, the functions of the biosphere are, firstly, to ensure a constant cycle of chemical elements, which circulate between living organisms, soil and hydrosphere, atmosphere.Second, the evolution of the biosphere is a good example of the close interaction of important factors: the development of the Earth as a celestial body, chemical and geological processes in the world, biological evolution of living matter and the development of human society.
