If normal average person surviving the second half of the eighties in the age of reason, today asked to characterize briefly this time, the answer in most cases, you can hear something like "perestroika - a horror and shame."Naturally, the young man, born (or even less) in those years, a more detailed story.
history in Gorbachev's Perestroika Gorbachev
(namely, he coined the term, although it may not come up with it himself), was launched in early 1987.What happened before, after his election to the post of Secretary General, called acceleration.And before that he reigned in the country stagnated.And before that was the voluntarism.And in front of him - the cult of personality.That was the spot to Stalinism, represented on the background all the abuse the next decades light.This NEP.
That's the end of the eighties imagine the history of the USSR The Soviet people for the most part.It contributed to this vision of numerous articles published in the popular press ("Spark", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Arguments and Facts" and many others).On the shelves were previously banned literary works, for the possession of a few years ago it was possible to amass a lot of trouble, and swept away in the blink of an eye.Our country was the most popular in the world before, and after 1987 the popularity of books and newspapers and does beat all world records of the past (alas, it is possible that the future).
remnants of the past, of course, all these sources of knowledge about the history of his native country when their immense revelatory force did not have to shake the firm belief of the Soviet people in the highest justice of the socialist society and its ultimate goal - communism.Mikhail Gorbachev and his supporters in the Politburo aware of the unfortunate fact that - due to the low efficiency - agriculture and industry required substantial restructuring.The economy skidded, many businesses were not profitable, but rather expensive, multiplied the number of "collective farm-millionaire" (the sum of the debt to the state), the most basic household items have become a deficit, the situation with food is also good.Young Secretary General knew some credibility he has, after so many decades did everything wrong, so you need some time to wait.As it turned out later, was delayed several years of perestroika.Then predict that no one could.
Acceleration and cooperatives
itself refresh rate is definitely needed.The first couple of years it was thought that the direction taken is correct, and "there is no alternative, comrades" just need to move on it quickly.This led to the name of the first stage, which began with the restructuring.The history of the NEP suggests that if some areas of management transfer to private hands, then shifts almost guaranteed.In the twenties the country fairly quickly won the devastation and hunger, help from some who had taken active and enterprising owners.Trying to repeat the achievements of sixty years has led to a not quite identical results.Cooperators have become a "touchstone" to create a new class of Soviet capitalists.They filled some segments of the domestic market, and the most successful and the external sights, but to break the deadlock the entire economy could not.Therefore, the claim that the restructuring - it is the repetition of a new economic policy is unfounded.GDP growth has not occurred.Quite the contrary.
Frames
In 1986, the acceleration (which joked about what used to be just a "anyhow", and now "pow-anyhow-boo-boo") has almost no one remembered.Demanded new measures of a structural nature, and feel this is the beginning of the country's leadership earlier.There are new faces to replace the retired party mastodons, but also from the old cadres who had a reputation as "advanced intellectuals", Gorbachev refused.Eduard Shevardnadze was the chair of the Supreme Soviet, Nikolai Ryzhkov took the chair predsovmina, Moscow City Party Committee directed the then little-known but fast growing popularity of Boris Yeltsin.A. Lukyanov and Alexander Yakovlev entered the Politburo, made a dizzying career.It seemed that with the team success is guaranteed ...
What saw output
Thus, the main problem seemed to be revealed.Steps forward need to resolutely courageous.Sam Mikhail Gorbachev, with his usual eloquence, explained crowded around him, "ordinary people" that the restructuring - is when everyone does their job.The obvious question is what's all involved until 1985?But the experienced Soviet citizens did not ask him.
As in the days prior to industrialization, the Soviet Union felt the lack of development of mechanical engineering.Plenum in 1985 set a target of growth of industrial production by 70%.By the nineties planned breakthrough on a global level, quantitative and qualitative.Staff and resources for it were.Why did this not happen?
XXVII Congress and the right decisions
in 1986 passed the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, the work which - in fact, not only newspapers and propaganda clichés - watched the entire country.Delegates supported the adoption of the revolutionary law, the rights of labor collectives, which are now able to elect directors to adjust salaries and decide what products to make, to get the greatest benefit.It was such reforms of perestroika, which recently working and could not dream.On the basis of social changes planned to effectively use the potential of the state to increase farm productivity by 150%.It proclaims that by the year 2000 in the individual apartments will live all Soviet families.The people rejoiced, but ... prematurely.The system is still not working.
Economic socialism
Two years after perestroika began.Gorbachev apparently began torturing doubts about the correctness of the direction in which the country is moving.Many years later, in 1999, speaking in Turkey at a seminar held by the American university, he would call himself a staunch anti-communist all his life fought for the triumph of democracy.In a sense, he may be right, but today it is difficult to assess the feasibility of its operations in 1987.Then he spoke about something else entirely, blaming the mysterious representatives of the "administrative-command system" and no less mysterious mechanisms that inhibit all.Nevertheless, it is the second (and last) period of adjustment to socialism has been removed, and the crown of perfection found (unexpectedly) systemic flaws.It turns out, all conceived was not bad (Lenin), but in the thirties greatly distorted.An economic concept of socialism - as opposed to blunt the party administration.Theoretical study provides articles professors and academicians L. Abalkina, Popov, N. and P. Shmelev Bunich.On paper, once again all went smoothly, and in fact preached the usual socialist self-financing.
Nineteenth Party Conference
In 1988 he was commissioned last line of defense of the party nomenklatura omnipotence.Civil society and limit the influence of the Communist Party in the government, and business processes, empowering councils autonomy in deciding declared goal to strive.There were discussions, and all revolutionary approach turned out that these problems needed to solve again under the leadership of the party.Just because the driving force of the other was not.At the delegates decided to do, with all my heart by supporting Gorbachev.It seemed that the restructuring of previous years spent useless, but it's not.The consequences were concerned they were members of the Board, which now represents a third of the deputies of the public organizations.
Crisis material, spiritual crisis
After the conference there was something resembling a split RSDLP.The party had their own democrats and radicals representing irreconcilable ideological direction.Meanwhile, accustomed to peace and stability in the country was worried.Brought up in the communist ideas of the older generation are sensitive to the collapse of their notions of a just society.People mature, accustomed to social guarantees and respect for their professional achievements, have experienced financial difficulties, compounded by apparent financial superiority cooperators - people are often ignorant and rude.Young people in the period of perestroika and felt a spiritual crisis, seeing that the education received by parents, does not guarantee a decent life.The foundations were crumbling.
Somebody loses and somebody finds
destruction of the dominant ideology, no matter how much it is close to universal values, always accompanied by a large-scale drive-phenomena often extremely difficult tolerated most of the population.Began a strike of industrial workers and miners.Food and consumer crises arise unpredictably, then disappeared from the shelves of tea, the cigarettes with cigarettes, then sugar, then the soap ... At the same time the owners of some of the posts made it impossible to get rich is large restructuring in the USSR.Briefly it can be described as the period of primitive accumulation.State monopoly on foreign trade was the victim of democratic reforms, people who have had experience in foreign markets, and having the right connections, immediately took advantage of their potentials.An excellent opportunity to lend.Soviet banknotes quickly loses its beneficial qualities, it was not difficult to repay debts, invest the sum of almost any product.We lend, though not all.And not for nothing.But it is the little things ...
On the national question
not only impoverishment, but the bloody events marked the period of perestroika.USSR went to pieces from serious ethnic conflicts in the Baltic region, the Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi and other geographical locations until recently amicable Union.Mass created the "Popular Front" called differently, but had a nationalist roots.Demonstrations, rallies and other acts of civil disobedience swept the country, the authorities have been hard, but behind them, and guessed the weakness of the authority of the leadership, and his inability to prolonged violent opposition.Restructuring of 1985-1991 caused the collapse of the Union into separate national state entities, often hostile to each other.
Five hundred days ... or you need more?
By 1990, the economic horizon dominated two basic concepts for further development.First, one of the authors of which was Yavlinsky, assumed almost instantaneous (five hundred days) privatization and the transition to capitalism, which, as it seemed almost every where more progressive than the obsolete socialism.The second option offers a less radicalized Ryzhkov and Pavlov, and provided a smooth ride to the market with a phased releasing state administrative constraints.So, gradually raising rates, and became the country's leadership to act.However, it turned out that this slow movement is having a devastating effect.
putsch - an unexpected and unavoidable
In the same 1990, Soviet citizens suddenly appeared the president.Such in the state's history - and of the king, and Soviet - it was not.In June, Russia declared its independence, and now Gorbachev in the Soviet Union could lead anywhere, but not in Moscow, where he became a master of Boris Yeltsin, chairman of the Armed Forces.Gorbachev, of course, the Kremlin has not moved out, but the conflict arose, and lasted until the end of the Soviet Union.
referendum held in March 1991, showed two important things.Firstly, it became clear that the majority of Soviet citizens (over 76%) want to live in a great country.Secondly, they are easily persuaded to change his mind, but it turned out a little later.After
had actually held the collapse of the union state (meaning the Soviet Union without Russia?) New subjects of international law began to prepare the union, which committee gathered in Novo-Ogaryovo.In June, Yeltsin won the election, becoming the first Russian president.He had to sign a treaty of alliance August 20th.But then there was a coup, just a day earlier.Then there were three days full of excitement, liberation tomivshegosya in Foros Gorbachev and many other things, different and not always pleasant.
Thus ended the restructuring.It was inevitable.
