As is known, the Russian language is enough volume for a variety of turns and expressions.One kind of lexical elements are palindromes.Examples of children, most accurately illustrate this concept, it is possible to look at the classics.For example, Fet: "A rose fell on the paw Azor".If you look closely at the words, we can see that the proposal can be read in both directions: from the beginning (left) and end (right to left).In each case, the expression will sound the same.It - offers, but there are also words are palindromes.Examples of the most vividly illustrate the concept will follow.
Determination
What is a palindrome?This term has Greek roots and literally translates as "running back" or "running again."In some cases, for palindromes, examples of which are given below, take any symmetric with respect to the middle of his characters.The longest combination of letters of this type is considered saippuakauppias (Finnish - the seller of soap).There are some interesting English palindromes:
«Madam, I'm Adam» - representation of men lady (Madam, I'm Adam).
In this modest lady can answer "shifter»: «Eve» (Eve).
There are symmetrical not only offers or sets of characters.Enough common palindromes-poems:
uncommon hand stub keep ...
I do earnestly here I sit,
Jaro in the quiet of creating,
Zarzhu much time
luck in a daze,
umpteenth time zarzhu-
Yes glad!
can read both the beginning and at the end.
Brief History
Talking about what a palindrome, it must be said that the known "turncoats" from the most ancient times.Often, it was given a magic sacred meaning.There palindromes, examples of which can be found in a variety of languages, presumably in the Middle Ages.In classical Russian literature there are credible reports of copyright "Changeling", written by Derzhavin: "I'm going to be with mechem judge."The first attempt to create a long, multi-line rhymed palindromic product type was made Velimir Khlebnikov (poem "Razin").But this flourishing artistic direction reached only to the 1970-1990-th years.Palindromes, examples of which can be found in the works of Vladimir Gershuni, Nicholas Ladygina, Dmitry and Elena Katsyuba Avalini, began to be studied in more detail in the literary and literary movement in the 1990s.Research has been actively pursued, mostly German Lukomnikovym and Alexander Bubnov.Theoreticians and practitioners of various border isolated form.For example, "Werewolf".This text is read from left to right other than back: "Peace is convenient" (Aut. Sergey Fedin).Talking about what a palindrome should also mention the rare forms of artistic direction: it syllabic, bilingual "turncoats".The latter are the lyrics, which is one way you can read in one language, and back - on the other.What else are rare palindromes?Examples can cause different.There is a form of "symmetric" combinations in which the reading is carried out not in reverse, as it were, in the form of reproduction: tsokoltsokol, kabankaban and others.
Interest in the direction
should say that palindromes, examples of which are for clarity and will provide later in the article, the researchers were interested in the vocabulary, writers, poets and writers at different times in different degrees.It is noteworthy that in the seventies of the last century to publish the writings of this kind was impossible.This was due mainly to the fact that the pursuit of "formalism" at that time was not welcomed in the literature.At the beginning of the development of the artistic direction of all the writers of "turncoats" were familiar with each other, they knew, you might say, in the face each other.Today, many works were published in anthologies.But most of them remained unpublished.
Genres
palindromes were very popular phrases, or "aphorisms."Some of them could even bring a smile (because of its artistic features).In many cases, a combination of inside changeling attracted attention not only because of its non-standard form, but also a certain humorous content.Individual lines can be collected even in the poetic work.However, if you claim to be a combination of poetry, after all, then they should not allow any discounts for unusual shapes.In other words, it should be maintained - rhythm, rhyme, dimensions - in standard conventional poetic works."Symmetry" in such cases is only added rhythmic and sonic game.Many so getting there is "almost palindromic" form.Different authors such momentum created beauty of sound.Talking about what a palindrome, it is impossible not to consider the lyrical poetry by using these art forms.Many of them contain a share of humor, but in spite of this can be taken quite seriously.Some symmetric expression fit well to the music.In some cases, poetic work may consist of a "changeling", divided into lines.In this case we speak of monopalindrome.
Poetry
particular interest against the background of the study presents the work of the Bloc of palindromes.As a Symbolist poet, he has paid much attention to rhythm and sound organization works.In his poem "The Twelve" clearly traced achievements of Alexander Blok in the sound and rhythmic directions.Goldstein has translated all of this work into the language of palindromes Bloc.The author notes that in the process it was possible to preserve the rhyme, rhythm, composition of the poem anywhere.Remake "Twelve," Goldstein notes that, in his opinion, some shift in emphasis, even to some extent increase the tone.
symmetry in figures
there but combinations of letters, expressions, and the whole works, and the number of palindromes.This definition is used for recording the visible symmetry.Natural numbers in this case be read from left to right and vice versa same.It may be positioned symmetrically with odd or even number of characters.Numeric palindromes occur in different systems with their own names.So, there is a category "curly" characters: 1001, 676 and others.Such "palindromic" form found among the Fibonacci numbers Smith.
math
numerical palindromes can be the result of operations with other signs.Martin Gardner, author of "I have an idea!", Being quite well-known popularizer of science, brings a certain hypothesis.If you take an integer (any), and add it to the treatment (consisting of the same numbers, but in reverse order), and then repeat the action, but with the amount received, then one of the steps to get a palindrome.In some cases it is sufficient to carry out the addition once: 213 + 312 = 525. However, it is usually necessary for at least two operations.For example, if you take the number 96, then, having made successive addition, a palindrome can be obtained only at the fourth level:
96 + 69 = 165
165 + 651 = 726
726 + 627 = 1353
1353 + 3531 = 4884
The essence of the hypothesis is that if you take any number, after a certain number of actions to be sure to get a palindrome.Examples can be found not only in addition but also in the construction to the extent that removing roots and other operations.
Interesting couple
In groups of primes can be seen very interesting pattern, if there are specific figures, for example, simple - 1 and 3. For example, a simple two-digit amount ordered pairs: 31-13 and 13-31, six simple three-digitare five, including 2 "werewolf": 313 and 131, a pair of shifters: 113-311 and 311-113.Obtained couples in all cases presented graphically expressed in numerical form squares.In general, a lot of math, you can find digital patterns.
Palindromes in other spheres of human activity.Biology
structure of nucleic acids provides for a relatively short mutually complementary areas.They have so-called "mirror sequences" nucleotides capable of forming duplexes.In the human genome, the total number of "turncoats" is estimated to range from one hundred thousand to a million.At the same time, according to the observations of the distribution of the DNA structure is uneven.Palindromes in the biological sense, have the ability to provide increased information without increasing the number of nucleotides.Of particular importance "symmetrical forms" are in the formation of certain types of nucleic acids - RNA transport, for example.
Music
palindromic music played "as usual", in accordance with the rules.After completion of the play notes flipped.Then work to play again, but the melody is not going to change.Iterations may be present as much as necessary, unknown at this, which is the bottom, and that - on horseback.These pieces of music can be played alone, while reading the notes from both sides simultaneously.As examples of such works can lead palindromic "path of peace", written by Moscheles, and "drinking a melody for two", composed by Mozart.
