substance consisting of two or more components, is a complex organic or mineral compound.Depending on the accessories is determined by its characteristics, composition and other indicators.The chemical compounds present in the environment in large quantities.Some of them have a beneficial effect, and some - a devastating impact on living organisms.Mineral compounds are present in inanimate nature.These include, in particular, include sulfur, graphite, sand and others.There are several grounds on which is determined by an organic or mineral compound.
Background
term "organic compound" appeared in the early stages of the development of chemical science.This class includes the substance of which consists of carbon (excluding carbonic acid cyanides, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide).At a time when dominated by vitalistic outlook, continued the tradition of Aristotle and Pliny the Elder on the division of the world on the inanimate and living substances separated depending on whether, to what kingdom they belonged: animal and vegetable or mineral.In addition, it was considered that for the synthesis of basic necessities special "life force."In this regard, the inorganic material obtained from the organic was impossible.However, this assumption is refuted in 1828 Wohler.He synthesized from inorganic ammonium cyanate organic urea.Said separation, however, remained in the terminology of the present time.What are the criteria defined organic or mineral compound?It was later in the article.
General
most extensive class of organic compounds are considered today.They are there currently more than ten million.This diversity is due to special properties of carbon atomic chains form.This, in turn, explains the stability of the bond.Carbon-carbon chain may be single or multiple - triple, double.By increasing the multiplicity increases and energy (stability) connection, and the length, on the contrary, it decreases.Due to the high valence of the carbon and the possibility of forming such a chain structure formed of different dimensions (three-dimensional, flat, linear).Mineral kind referred to compounds found in nature.These materials have particular composition and structure, physical characteristics.In general the structure of inorganic compounds of the same type.The composition may vary within certain limits.The peculiarity of mineral compounds is a natural and proper arrangement of atoms.Fundamentals of taxonomy of these substances were laid in 1814 by Berzelius.
composition as one of the main distinguishing features of substances
belonging to any other type of defined components of the formulation.Substance - is an organic or mineral compound having a specific structure and composition.The main groups of compounds of biological origin include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.Included in this class of nucleic acids advantageously contain besides carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen.These elements are part of the "classic" organic compounds as basic as a rule.Thus compounds may contain a variety of components.Thus, the main feature, whereby it is determined which compound is represented by - an organic or mineral compound - is present in the composition of carbon and basic elements described above.
concept of mineral compounds can be studied by considering a variety of natural substances - garnet.They have different physical characteristics.They depend on the composition, despite the changes of which the structure remains the same.You can only say about the differences in the positions of certain atoms and a number-spacings.
Classification of organic compounds
Today applicable IUPAC.Classification of organic compounds according to this system is built on an important principle.In accordance with the characteristics of the substance at a first approximation, determined by two main criteria.The first - a carbon skeleton (structure of organic compounds), and the second - its functional groups.In accordance with the nature of the structure of the material is separated into cyclic and acyclic.The latter, in turn, include unsaturated and limiting.The group of cyclic compounds are heterocyclic and carbocyclic.Some formulas of organic compounds:
- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.
- CH3COCH3 - acetone.
- CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate.
- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.
Structural analysis
Today organic chemical compounds characterized by using different methods.Considered the most accurate X-ray analysis (crystallography).However, this method requires high-quality crystal desired size, allowing to obtain high resolution.Therefore crystallography is not used as often.Elemental analysis is a destructive method, which is used for the quantitative determination of components in the molecule.To prove the absence or presence of specific functional groups used infrared spectroscopy.Mass spectrometry is a determination of the molecular weight of substances and methods of fragmentation.
chemical properties of organic compounds.The carboxylic acids
Human life is closely connected with these substances.Many well known names such as acetic, formic, citric acid.These compounds are used in the manufacture of medicaments (acetylsalicylic acid), in the food industry and for soaps and synthetic detergents.Certain compounds produced by insects (ants, for example) and serve as a means of protection.Extending at the cellular level biochemical processes associated with pyruvic acid and oxidized with many substances penetrating into the human body, formed acetic or lactic acid.In considering the structure of the carboxyl groups should be noted the presence therein of the C = O double bond.In this connection it should be attributed to the unsaturated functional groups.In addition, the structure of the substances present OH bond - the mobile hydrogen atom.Common properties of these compounds observed in stearic, acetic acid, acrylic acid and formic acid combines not only basic characteristics acids and aldehydes.Depending radical which binds the carboxyl groups differing aromatic, unsaturated, saturated and other substances.In accordance with the number of groups in the molecule is isolated dibasic, monobasic and others.In considering some characteristics may be mentioned a similarity of inorganic and organic acids.For example, both substances are capable of interacting with metal bases.
Aromatics
These organic compounds which are present in the composition of hydrogen, carbon, and the benzene nucleus.The most important and "classical" representatives of this group are benzene (I) and homologues (xylene, methylbenzene).There are many aromatic hydrocarbons benzene rings.These include, for example, include diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, which looked at the formula, you can easily understand how this stuff - organic or mineral compound.The main source of hydrocarbons used for producing aromatic products of coking coal.For example, a ton of coal tar earn on average one and a half kilograms of toluene, 3.5 kg of benzene, naphthalene two kilograms.
Key Features aromatics
By its chemical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons differ from the alicyclic unsaturated ester compounds.In connection with this particular group is determined for them.Under the influence of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, halogens and other reagents aromatic hydrocarbons the hydrogen atoms are replaced.As a result, formed sulfonic galogenobenzoly and others.All of these substances are intermediates used in the manufacture of dyes, medicines.
alkanes
This group of complex substances, which includes the least active compounds.All participants in these C-H bond and C-C are single.This leads to the inability of alkanes to participate in addition reactions.Chlorination of these complex substances, since the propane 1st chlorine atom can substitute different hydrogen atoms.The direction of this process will depend on the strength of the C-H bond.The weaker the chain, the faster replacement of a particular atom.In this regard, the primary typically have greater strength, stable secondary and tertiary, etc.
participation in the reactions
different reactivity can lead to that of the possible products is likely to be dominated by only one.At a temperature of 25 degrees on the chlorination of the secondary circuit takes place in four and a half times faster than the primary.Fluorination alkanes proceeds with high speed often explosive.This produces various poliftorproizvodnye starting material.The energy that is released during the reaction is so great that in some cases, provokes the disintegration of molecules into radicals products.As a result, the reaction rate increases avalanche, resulting in explosion even at relatively low temperatures.A feature of the fluorination of alkanes is a possibility of destruction of fluorine atoms of the carbon skeleton and education CF4 - the final product.
